Module: Rack::Utils

Included in:
Chunked, ContentLength, ContentType
Defined in:
lib/rack/utils.rb

Overview

Rack::Utils contains a grab-bag of useful methods for writing web applications adopted from all kinds of Ruby libraries.

Defined Under Namespace

Classes: Context, HeaderHash

Constant Summary collapse

ParameterTypeError = 
QueryParser::ParameterTypeError
InvalidParameterError = 
QueryParser::InvalidParameterError
DEFAULT_SEP = 
QueryParser::DEFAULT_SEP
COMMON_SEP = 
QueryParser::COMMON_SEP
KeySpaceConstrainedParams = 
QueryParser::Params
RFC2822_DAY_NAME = 
[ 'Sun', 'Mon', 'Tue', 'Wed', 'Thu', 'Fri', 'Sat' ]
RFC2822_MONTH_NAME = 
[ 'Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec' ]
ESCAPE_HTML = 
{
  "&" => "&",
  "<" => "&lt;",
  ">" => "&gt;",
  "'" => "&#x27;",
  '"' => "&quot;",
  "/" => "&#x2F;"
}
ESCAPE_HTML_PATTERN = 
Regexp.union(*ESCAPE_HTML.keys)
HTTP_STATUS_CODES =

Every standard HTTP code mapped to the appropriate message. Generated with:

curl -s https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes-1.csv | \
  ruby -ne 'm = /^(\d{3}),(?!Unassigned|\(Unused\))([^,]+)/.match($_) and \
            puts "#{m[1]} => \x27#{m[2].strip}\x27,"'

{
  100 => 'Continue',
  101 => 'Switching Protocols',
  102 => 'Processing',
  103 => 'Early Hints',
  200 => 'OK',
  201 => 'Created',
  202 => 'Accepted',
  203 => 'Non-Authoritative Information',
  204 => 'No Content',
  205 => 'Reset Content',
  206 => 'Partial Content',
  207 => 'Multi-Status',
  208 => 'Already Reported',
  226 => 'IM Used',
  300 => 'Multiple Choices',
  301 => 'Moved Permanently',
  302 => 'Found',
  303 => 'See Other',
  304 => 'Not Modified',
  305 => 'Use Proxy',
  306 => '(Unused)',
  307 => 'Temporary Redirect',
  308 => 'Permanent Redirect',
  400 => 'Bad Request',
  401 => 'Unauthorized',
  402 => 'Payment Required',
  403 => 'Forbidden',
  404 => 'Not Found',
  405 => 'Method Not Allowed',
  406 => 'Not Acceptable',
  407 => 'Proxy Authentication Required',
  408 => 'Request Timeout',
  409 => 'Conflict',
  410 => 'Gone',
  411 => 'Length Required',
  412 => 'Precondition Failed',
  413 => 'Payload Too Large',
  414 => 'URI Too Long',
  415 => 'Unsupported Media Type',
  416 => 'Range Not Satisfiable',
  417 => 'Expectation Failed',
  421 => 'Misdirected Request',
  422 => 'Unprocessable Entity',
  423 => 'Locked',
  424 => 'Failed Dependency',
  425 => 'Too Early',
  426 => 'Upgrade Required',
  428 => 'Precondition Required',
  429 => 'Too Many Requests',
  431 => 'Request Header Fields Too Large',
  451 => 'Unavailable for Legal Reasons',
  500 => 'Internal Server Error',
  501 => 'Not Implemented',
  502 => 'Bad Gateway',
  503 => 'Service Unavailable',
  504 => 'Gateway Timeout',
  505 => 'HTTP Version Not Supported',
  506 => 'Variant Also Negotiates',
  507 => 'Insufficient Storage',
  508 => 'Loop Detected',
  509 => 'Bandwidth Limit Exceeded',
  510 => 'Not Extended',
  511 => 'Network Authentication Required'
}
STATUS_WITH_NO_ENTITY_BODY =

Responses with HTTP status codes that should not have an entity body


      
        
SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE =
          
        

        

      
        
PATH_SEPS =
          
        

        
Regexp.union(*[::File::SEPARATOR, ::File::ALT_SEPARATOR].compact)

      
        
NULL_BYTE =
          
        

        
"\0"

      
    

  




  
Class Attribute Summary collapse

  




  
    

      Class Method Summary
      collapse
    


    
  
    

      Instance Method Summary
      collapse
    


    
  


  

    
Class Attribute Details

    
      
      
      

  

  
    .default_query_parser  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    

Returns the value of attribute default_query_parser.



  





  



  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 29

def default_query_parser
  @default_query_parser
end

    		
  





    
      
      
      

  

  
    .multipart_part_limit  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    

Returns the value of attribute multipart_part_limit.



  





  



  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 61

def multipart_part_limit
  @multipart_part_limit
end

    		
  





    
  



  

    
Class Method Details


    
      

  

  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 226

def add_cookie_to_header(header, key, value)
  case value
  when Hash
    domain  = "; domain=#{value[:domain]}"   if value[:domain]
    path    = "; path=#{value[:path]}"       if value[:path]
    max_age = "; max-age=#{value[:max_age]}" if value[:max_age]
    expires = "; expires=#{value[:expires].httpdate}" if value[:expires]
    secure = "; secure"  if value[:secure]
    httponly = "; HttpOnly" if (value.key?(:httponly) ? value[:httponly] : value[:http_only])
    same_site =
      case value[:same_site]
      when false, nil
        nil
      when :none, 'None', :None
        '; SameSite=None'
      when :lax, 'Lax', :Lax
        '; SameSite=Lax'
      when true, :strict, 'Strict', :Strict
        '; SameSite=Strict'
      else
        raise ArgumentError, "Invalid SameSite value: #{value[:same_site].inspect}"
      end
    value = value[:value]
  end
  value = [value] unless Array === value

  cookie = "#{escape(key)}=#{value.map { |v| escape v }.join('&')}#{domain}" \
    "#{path}#{max_age}#{expires}#{secure}#{httponly}#{same_site}"

  case header
  when nil, ''
    cookie
  when String
    [header, cookie].join("\n")
  when Array
    (header + [cookie]).join("\n")
  else
    raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized cookie header value. Expected String, Array, or nil, got #{header.inspect}"
  end
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .add_remove_cookie_to_header(header, key, value = {})  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    

Adds a cookie that will remove a cookie from the client.  Hence the strange method name.



  





  



  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 309

def add_remove_cookie_to_header(header, key, value = {})
  new_header = make_delete_cookie_header(header, key, value)

  add_cookie_to_header(new_header, key,
             { value: '', path: nil, domain: nil,
               max_age: '0',
               expires: Time.at(0) }.merge(value))

end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .best_q_match(q_value_header, available_mimes)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    

Return best accept value to use, based on the algorithm in RFC 2616 Section 14.  If there are multiple best matches (same specificity and quality), the value returned is arbitrary.



  





  



  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 148

def best_q_match(q_value_header, available_mimes)
  values = q_values(q_value_header)

  matches = values.map do |req_mime, quality|
    match = available_mimes.find { |am| Rack::Mime.match?(am, req_mime) }
    next unless match
    [match, quality]
  end.compact.sort_by do |match, quality|
    (match.split('/', 2).count('*') * -10) + quality
  end.last
  matches && matches.first
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .build_nested_query(value, prefix = nil)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 115

def build_nested_query(value, prefix = nil)
  case value
  when Array
    value.map { |v|
      build_nested_query(v, "#{prefix}[]")
    }.join("&")
  when Hash
    value.map { |k, v|
      build_nested_query(v, prefix ? "#{prefix}[#{escape(k)}]" : escape(k))
    }.delete_if(&:empty?).join('&')
  when nil
    prefix
  else
    raise ArgumentError, "value must be a Hash" if prefix.nil?
    "#{prefix}=#{escape(value)}"
  end
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .build_query(params)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 105

def build_query(params)
  params.map { |k, v|
    if v.class == Array
      build_query(v.map { |x| [k, x] })
    else
      v.nil? ? escape(k) : "#{escape(k)}=#{escape(v)}"
    end
  }.join("&")
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .byte_ranges(env, size)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    

Parses the “Range:” header, if present, into an array of Range objects. Returns nil if the header is missing or syntactically invalid. Returns an empty array if none of the ranges are satisfiable.



  





  



  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 341

def byte_ranges(env, size)
  warn "`byte_ranges` is deprecated, please use `get_byte_ranges`" if $VERBOSE
  get_byte_ranges env['HTTP_RANGE'], size
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .clean_path_info(path_info)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 594

def clean_path_info(path_info)
  parts = path_info.split PATH_SEPS

  clean = []

  parts.each do |part|
    next if part.empty? || part == '.'
    part == '..' ? clean.pop : clean << part
  end

  clean_path = clean.join(::File::SEPARATOR)
  clean_path.prepend("/") if parts.empty? || parts.first.empty?
  clean_path
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .delete_cookie_header!(header, key, value = {})  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 302

def delete_cookie_header!(header, key, value = {})
  header[SET_COOKIE] = add_remove_cookie_to_header(header[SET_COOKIE], key, value)
  nil
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .escape(s)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    

URI escapes. (CGI style space to +)



  





  



  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 38

def escape(s)
  URI.encode_www_form_component(s)
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .escape_html(string)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    

Escape ampersands, brackets and quotes to their HTML/XML entities.



  





  



  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 173

def escape_html(string)
  string.to_s.gsub(ESCAPE_HTML_PATTERN){|c| ESCAPE_HTML[c] }
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .escape_path(s)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    

Like URI escaping, but with %20 instead of +. Strictly speaking this is true URI escaping.



  





  



  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 44

def escape_path(s)
  ::URI::DEFAULT_PARSER.escape s
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .get_byte_ranges(http_range, size)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 346

def get_byte_ranges(http_range, size)
  # See <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.35>
  return nil unless http_range && http_range =~ /bytes=([^;]+)/
  ranges = []
  $1.split(/,\s*/).each do |range_spec|
    return nil  unless range_spec =~ /(\d*)-(\d*)/
    r0, r1 = $1, $2
    if r0.empty?
      return nil  if r1.empty?
      # suffix-byte-range-spec, represents trailing suffix of file
      r0 = size - r1.to_i
      r0 = 0  if r0 < 0
      r1 = size - 1
    else
      r0 = r0.to_i
      if r1.empty?
        r1 = size - 1
      else
        r1 = r1.to_i
        return nil  if r1 < r0  # backwards range is syntactically invalid
        r1 = size - 1  if r1 >= size
      end
    end
    ranges << (r0..r1)  if r0 <= r1
  end
  ranges
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .key_space_limit  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 77

def self.key_space_limit
  default_query_parser.key_space_limit
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .key_space_limit=(v)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 81

def self.key_space_limit=(v)
  self.default_query_parser = self.default_query_parser.new_space_limit(v)
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .make_delete_cookie_header(header, key, value)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 272

def make_delete_cookie_header(header, key, value)
  case header
  when nil, ''
    cookies = []
  when String
    cookies = header.split("\n")
  when Array
    cookies = header
  end

  key = escape(key)
  domain = value[:domain]
  path = value[:path]
  regexp = if domain
             if path
               /\A#{key}=.*(?:domain=#{domain}(?:;|$).*path=#{path}(?:;|$)|path=#{path}(?:;|$).*domain=#{domain}(?:;|$))/
             else
               /\A#{key}=.*domain=#{domain}(?:;|$)/
             end
           elsif path
             /\A#{key}=.*path=#{path}(?:;|$)/
           else
             /\A#{key}=/
           end

  cookies.reject! { |cookie| regexp.match? cookie }

  cookies.join("\n")
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .param_depth_limit  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 69

def self.param_depth_limit
  default_query_parser.param_depth_limit
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .param_depth_limit=(v)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 73

def self.param_depth_limit=(v)
  self.default_query_parser = self.default_query_parser.new_depth_limit(v)
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .parse_cookies(env)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 209

def parse_cookies(env)
  parse_cookies_header env[HTTP_COOKIE]
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .parse_cookies_header(header)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 213

def parse_cookies_header(header)
  # According to RFC 6265:
  # The syntax for cookie headers only supports semicolons
  # User Agent -> Server ==
  # Cookie: SID=31d4d96e407aad42; lang=en-US
  return {} unless header
  header.split(/[;] */n).each_with_object({}) do |cookie, cookies|
    next if cookie.empty?
    key, value = cookie.split('=', 2)
    cookies[key] = (unescape(value) rescue value) unless cookies.key?(key)
  end
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .parse_nested_query(qs, d = nil)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 101

def parse_nested_query(qs, d = nil)
  Rack::Utils.default_query_parser.parse_nested_query(qs, d)
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .parse_query(qs, d = nil, &unescaper)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 97

def parse_query(qs, d = nil, &unescaper)
  Rack::Utils.default_query_parser.parse_query(qs, d, &unescaper)
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .q_values(q_value_header)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 133

def q_values(q_value_header)
  q_value_header.to_s.split(/\s*,\s*/).map do |part|
    value, parameters = part.split(/\s*;\s*/, 2)
    quality = 1.0
    if parameters && (md = /\Aq=([\d.]+)/.match(parameters))
      quality = md[1].to_f
    end
    [value, quality]
  end
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .rfc2109(time)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    

Modified version of stdlib time.rb Time#rfc2822 to use '%d-%b-%Y' instead of '% %b %Y'. It assumes that the time is in GMT to comply to the RFC 2109.



NOTE: I'm not sure the RFC says it requires GMT, but is ambiguous enough that I'm certain someone implemented only that option. Do not use %a and %b from Time.strptime, it would use localized names for weekday and month.



  





  



  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 332

def rfc2109(time)
  wday = RFC2822_DAY_NAME[time.wday]
  mon = RFC2822_MONTH_NAME[time.mon - 1]
  time.strftime("#{wday}, %d-#{mon}-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT")
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .rfc2822(time)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 319

def rfc2822(time)
  time.rfc2822
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .secure_compare(a, b)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    

Constant time string comparison.



NOTE: the values compared should be of fixed length, such as strings that have already been processed by HMAC. This should not be used on variable length plaintext strings because it could leak length info via timing attacks.



  





  



  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 380

def secure_compare(a, b)
  return false unless a.bytesize == b.bytesize

  l = a.unpack("C*")

  r, i = 0, -1
  b.each_byte { |v| r |= v ^ l[i += 1] }
  r == 0
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .select_best_encoding(available_encodings, accept_encoding)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 177

def select_best_encoding(available_encodings, accept_encoding)
  # http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html

  expanded_accept_encoding = []

  accept_encoding.each do |m, q|
    preference = available_encodings.index(m) || available_encodings.size

    if m == "*"
      (available_encodings - accept_encoding.map(&:first)).each do |m2|
        expanded_accept_encoding << [m2, q, preference]
      end
    else
      expanded_accept_encoding << [m, q, preference]
    end
  end

  encoding_candidates = expanded_accept_encoding
    .sort_by { |_, q, p| [-q, p] }
    .map!(&:first)

  unless encoding_candidates.include?("identity")
    encoding_candidates.push("identity")
  end

  expanded_accept_encoding.each do |m, q|
    encoding_candidates.delete(m) if q == 0.0
  end

  (encoding_candidates & available_encodings)[0]
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .set_cookie_header!(header, key, value)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 267

def set_cookie_header!(header, key, value)
  header[SET_COOKIE] = add_cookie_to_header(header[SET_COOKIE], key, value)
  nil
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .status_code(status)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 584

def status_code(status)
  if status.is_a?(Symbol)
    SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE.fetch(status) { raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized status code #{status.inspect}" }
  else
    status.to_i
  end
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .unescape(s, encoding = Encoding::UTF_8)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    

Unescapes a URI escaped string with encoding. encoding will be the target encoding of the string returned, and it defaults to UTF-8



  





  



  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 56

def unescape(s, encoding = Encoding::UTF_8)
  URI.decode_www_form_component(s, encoding)
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .unescape_path(s)  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    

Unescapes the *path* component of a URI.  See Rack::Utils.unescape for unescaping query parameters or form components.



  





  



  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 50

def unescape_path(s)
  ::URI::DEFAULT_PARSER.unescape s
end

    		
  





    
      

  

  
    .valid_path?(path)  ⇒ Boolean 
  

  

  


  

    

  





  

Returns:


    
  
    
  • 
      
      
        (Boolean)
      
      
      
    
    • 
  





  

    
      


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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 611

def valid_path?(path)
  path.valid_encoding? && !path.include?(NULL_BYTE)
end

    		
  





    
  


  

    
Instance Method Details


    
      

  

  
    #clock_time  ⇒ Object 
  

  

  


  

    

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# File 'lib/rack/utils.rb', line 91

def clock_time
  Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
end