Module: MilkTea::Lowering::Calls

Included in:
MilkTea::Lowerer
Defined in:
lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb

Instance Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Details

#append_variadic_foreign_call_arguments(lowered_expression, arguments, function_type, env:, lowered: nil, cleanup: nil) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 956

def append_variadic_foreign_call_arguments(lowered_expression, arguments, function_type, env:, lowered: nil, cleanup: nil)
  return lowered_expression unless function_type.variadic

  extra_arguments = arguments.drop(function_type.params.length)
  return lowered_expression if extra_arguments.empty?
  return lowered_expression unless lowered_expression.is_a?(IR::Call)

  IR::Call.new(
    callee: lowered_expression.callee,
    arguments: lowered_expression.arguments + extra_arguments.map { |argument| lower_variadic_foreign_argument(argument, env:, lowered:, cleanup:) },
    type: lowered_expression.type,
  )
end

#atomic_method_kind(receiver_type, name) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1560

def atomic_method_kind(receiver_type, name)
  return unless atomic_type?(receiver_type)

  case name
  when "load" then :atomic_load
  when "store" then :atomic_store
  when "add" then :atomic_add
  when "sub" then :atomic_sub
  when "exchange" then :atomic_exchange
  when "compare_exchange" then :atomic_compare_exchange
  end
end

#automatic_foreign_cstr_list_temp_needed?(parameter, _expression, env: nil) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1495

def automatic_foreign_cstr_list_temp_needed?(parameter, _expression, env: nil)
  return false unless parameter.type.is_a?(Types::Span) && parameter.type.element_type == @ctx.types.fetch("str")
  return false unless parameter.boundary_type.is_a?(Types::Span)

  boundary_element_type = parameter.boundary_type.element_type
  boundary_element_type == @ctx.types.fetch("cstr") || char_pointer_type?(boundary_element_type)
end

#automatic_foreign_cstr_temp_needed?(parameter, expression, env:) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1503

def automatic_foreign_cstr_temp_needed?(parameter, expression, env:)
  return false unless parameter.boundary_type == @ctx.types.fetch("cstr") && parameter.type == @ctx.types.fetch("str")
  return false if expression.is_a?(AST::StringLiteral) && !expression.cstring
  return false if cstr_backed_expression?(expression, env)

  infer_expression_type(expression, env:) != @ctx.types.fetch("cstr")
end

#automatic_variadic_foreign_cstr_temp_needed?(expression, env:) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1511

def automatic_variadic_foreign_cstr_temp_needed?(expression, env:)
  return false if expression.is_a?(AST::StringLiteral) && !expression.cstring
  return false if cstr_backed_expression?(expression, env)

  infer_expression_type(expression, env:) == @ctx.types.fetch("str")
end

#bind_foreign_mapping_arguments(binding, arguments, mapping_env, lowered, env:, reference_counts:, cleanup:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 598

def bind_foreign_mapping_arguments(binding, arguments, mapping_env, lowered, env:, reference_counts:, cleanup:)
  replacements = {}
  entries = binding.ast.params.each_with_index.map do |param_ast, index|
    parameter = binding.type.params.fetch(index)
    public_alias = param_ast.boundary_type ? foreign_mapping_public_alias_name(param_ast.name) : nil
    {
      argument: arguments.fetch(index),
      param_ast:,
      parameter:,
      temp_type: parameter.boundary_type || parameter.type,
      public_alias:,
      public_reference_count: public_alias ? reference_counts.fetch(public_alias, 0) : 0,
      reference_count: reference_counts.fetch(param_ast.name, 0),
      lowered_value: nil,
    }
  end

  entries.each do |entry|
    next unless entry[:public_reference_count].positive?

    public_value = lower_contextual_expression(entry[:argument].value, env:, expected_type: entry[:parameter].type)
    if public_value.is_a?(IR::Name)
      current_actual_scope(mapping_env[:scopes])[entry[:public_alias]] = local_binding(
        type: entry[:parameter].type,
        linkage_name: public_value.name,
        mutable: false,
        pointer: public_value.pointer,
      )
      replacements[entry[:public_alias]] = public_value
      next
    end

    public_temp_name = fresh_c_temp_name(env, "foreign_arg_public")
    lowered << IR::LocalDecl.new(
      name: public_temp_name,
      linkage_name: public_temp_name,
      type: entry[:parameter].type,
      value: public_value,
    )
    current_actual_scope(mapping_env[:scopes])[entry[:public_alias]] = local_binding(
      type: entry[:parameter].type,
      linkage_name: public_temp_name,
      mutable: false,
      pointer: false,
    )
    replacements[entry[:public_alias]] = IR::Name.new(name: public_temp_name, type: entry[:parameter].type, pointer: false)
  end

  entries.each do |entry|
    next unless entry[:reference_count].positive?

    source_argument = if entry[:public_reference_count].positive?
                        AST::Argument.new(name: nil, value: AST::Identifier.new(name: entry[:public_alias]))
                      else
                        entry[:argument]
                      end
    source_env = entry[:public_reference_count].positive? ? mapping_env : env
    source_argument = prepare_foreign_in_argument(entry[:parameter], source_argument, source_env:, lowered:, env:)
    entry[:lowered_value] = if automatic_foreign_cstr_list_temp_needed?(entry[:parameter], source_argument.value, env: source_env)
                              lower_foreign_cstr_list_argument_value(entry[:parameter], source_argument.value, env: source_env, lowered:, cleanup:)
                            else
                              lower_foreign_argument_value(entry[:parameter], source_argument, env: source_env)
                            end
  end

  inline_direct_call_names = inlineable_single_direct_call_names(entries)

  entries.each do |entry|
    next unless entry[:reference_count].positive?

    param_ast = entry[:param_ast]
    temp_type = entry[:temp_type]
    lowered_value = entry[:lowered_value]

    if !inline_direct_call_names.include?(param_ast.name) && foreign_argument_needs_temporary_binding?(lowered_value, reference_count: entry[:reference_count])
      temp_name = fresh_c_temp_name(env, "foreign_arg")
      lowered << IR::LocalDecl.new(
        name: temp_name,
        linkage_name: temp_name,
        type: temp_type,
        value: lowered_value,
      )
      current_actual_scope(mapping_env[:scopes])[param_ast.name] = local_binding(type: temp_type, linkage_name: temp_name, mutable: false, pointer: false)
      replacements[param_ast.name] = IR::Name.new(name: temp_name, type: temp_type, pointer: false)
      if temporary_foreign_cstr_expression?(lowered_value)
        cleanup << IR::ExpressionStmt.new(
          expression: IR::Call.new(
            callee: "mt_free_foreign_cstr_temp",
            arguments: [IR::Name.new(name: temp_name, type: temp_type, pointer: false)],
            type: @ctx.types.fetch("void"),
          ),
        )
      end
    else
      current_actual_scope(mapping_env[:scopes])[param_ast.name] = local_binding(type: temp_type, linkage_name: param_ast.name, mutable: false, pointer: false)
      replacements[param_ast.name] = lowered_value
    end
  end

  replacements
end

#consuming_foreign_call_refinements(foreign_call, env) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 571

def consuming_foreign_call_refinements(foreign_call, env)
  consuming_foreign_release_bindings(foreign_call, env:).each_with_object({}) do |binding, refinements|
    refinements[binding[:name]] = null_type
  end
end

#consuming_foreign_release_assignments(foreign_call, env:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 561

def consuming_foreign_release_assignments(foreign_call, env:)
  consuming_foreign_release_bindings(foreign_call, env:).map do |binding|
    IR::Assignment.new(
      target: IR::Name.new(name: binding[:linkage_name], type: binding[:storage_type], pointer: binding[:pointer]),
      operator: "=",
      value: IR::NullLiteral.new(type: binding[:storage_type]),
    )
  end
end

#consuming_foreign_release_bindings(foreign_call, env:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 577

def consuming_foreign_release_bindings(foreign_call, env:)
  binding = foreign_call.fetch(:binding)
  call = foreign_call.fetch(:call)

  binding.type.params.each_with_index.filter_map do |parameter, index|
    next unless parameter.passing_mode == :consuming

    argument = call.arguments.fetch(index)
    unless argument.value.is_a?(AST::Identifier)
      raise LoweringError.new("consuming foreign calls require bare nullable local or parameter bindings", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
    end

    lowered_binding = lookup_value(argument.value.name, env)
    unless lowered_binding && lowered_binding[:storage_type].is_a?(Types::Nullable) && lowered_binding[:storage_type].base == parameter.type
      raise LoweringError.new("consuming foreign calls require bare nullable local or parameter bindings", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
    end

    lowered_binding.merge(name: argument.value.name)
  end
end

#duplicable_foreign_argument_expression?(expression) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1467

def duplicable_foreign_argument_expression?(expression)
  case expression
  when AST::Identifier, AST::IntegerLiteral, AST::FloatLiteral, AST::StringLiteral, AST::BooleanLiteral, AST::NullLiteral,
        IR::Name, IR::IntegerLiteral, IR::FloatLiteral, IR::StringLiteral, IR::BooleanLiteral, IR::NullLiteral
    true
  when AST::MemberAccess
    duplicable_foreign_argument_expression?(expression.receiver)
  when IR::Member
    duplicable_foreign_argument_expression?(expression.receiver)
  when AST::UnaryOp
    duplicable_foreign_argument_expression?(expression.operand)
  when IR::Unary
    duplicable_foreign_argument_expression?(expression.operand)
  when AST::BinaryOp
    duplicable_foreign_argument_expression?(expression.left) && duplicable_foreign_argument_expression?(expression.right)
  when IR::Binary
    duplicable_foreign_argument_expression?(expression.left) && duplicable_foreign_argument_expression?(expression.right)
  else
    false
  end
end

#expand_function_defaults(arguments, binding) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 379

def expand_function_defaults(arguments, binding)
  return arguments unless binding.respond_to?(:ast) && binding.ast.respond_to?(:params)

  ast_params = binding.ast.params
  has_defaults = ast_params.any? { |p| p.respond_to?(:default_value) && p.default_value }
  return arguments unless has_defaults || arguments.any?(&:name)

  if arguments.any?(&:name)
    by_position = Array.new(ast_params.length)
    param_names = ast_params.map(&:name)

    arguments.each do |arg|
      if arg.name
        param_idx = param_names.index(arg.name)
        next unless param_idx

        by_position[param_idx] = arg
      else
        first_empty = by_position.index(nil)
        by_position[first_empty] = arg if first_empty
      end
    end

    by_position.each_with_index do |slot, idx|
      next if slot
      next unless ast_params[idx].respond_to?(:default_value) && ast_params[idx].default_value

      by_position[idx] = AST::Argument.new(name: nil, value: ast_params[idx].default_value)
    end

    by_position.compact
  else
    expanded = arguments.dup
    while expanded.length < ast_params.length
      ast_param = ast_params[expanded.length]
      break unless ast_param.respond_to?(:default_value) && ast_param.default_value

      expanded << AST::Argument.new(name: nil, value: ast_param.default_value)
    end
    expanded
  end
end

#foreign_argument_expression(argument) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 715

def foreign_argument_expression(argument)
  if argument.value.is_a?(AST::UnaryOp) && ["out", "in", "inout"].include?(argument.value.operator)
    argument.value.operand
  else
    argument.value
  end
end

#foreign_argument_needs_temporary_binding?(expression, reference_count:) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1489

def foreign_argument_needs_temporary_binding?(expression, reference_count:)
  return true if reference_count > 1 && !duplicable_foreign_argument_expression?(expression)

  !inlineable_foreign_argument_expression?(expression)
end

#foreign_call_consumes_binding?(binding) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 484

def foreign_call_consumes_binding?(binding)
  binding.type.params.any? { |parameter| parameter.passing_mode == :consuming }
end

#foreign_call_info(expression, env) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 471

def foreign_call_info(expression, env)
  call = expression if expression.is_a?(AST::Call)
  return unless call

  kind, _, _, _, binding = resolve_callee(call.callee, env, arguments: call.arguments)
  return unless kind == :function && binding && foreign_function_binding?(binding)

  {
    call:,
    binding:,
  }
end

#foreign_function_binding?(binding) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1359

def foreign_function_binding?(binding)
  binding.ast.is_a?(AST::ForeignFunctionDecl)
end

#foreign_mapping_expression(decl) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1363

def foreign_mapping_expression(decl)
  return decl.mapping unless foreign_mapping_implicit_call?(decl.mapping)

  AST::Call.new(
    callee: decl.mapping,
    arguments: decl.params.map { |param| AST::Argument.new(name: nil, value: AST::Identifier.new(name: param.name)) },
  )
end

#foreign_mapping_implicit_call?(expression) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1372

def foreign_mapping_implicit_call?(expression)
  case expression
  when AST::Identifier
    true
  when AST::MemberAccess
    foreign_mapping_implicit_call?(expression.receiver)
  when AST::Specialization
    foreign_mapping_implicit_call?(expression.callee)
  else
    false
  end
end

#foreign_mapping_public_alias_name(name) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1385

def foreign_mapping_public_alias_name(name)
  "#{name}_public"
end

#foreign_mapping_reference_counts(expression, counts = Hash.new(0)) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1437

def foreign_mapping_reference_counts(expression, counts = Hash.new(0))
  case expression
  when AST::Identifier
    counts[expression.name] += 1
  when AST::MemberAccess
    foreign_mapping_reference_counts(expression.receiver, counts)
  when AST::IndexAccess
    foreign_mapping_reference_counts(expression.receiver, counts)
    foreign_mapping_reference_counts(expression.index, counts)
  when AST::Specialization, AST::Call
    foreign_mapping_reference_counts(expression.callee, counts)
    expression.arguments.each { |argument| foreign_mapping_reference_counts(argument.value, counts) }
  when AST::UnaryOp
    foreign_mapping_reference_counts(expression.operand, counts)
  when AST::BinaryOp
    foreign_mapping_reference_counts(expression.left, counts)
    foreign_mapping_reference_counts(expression.right, counts)
  when AST::IfExpr
    foreign_mapping_reference_counts(expression.condition, counts)
    foreign_mapping_reference_counts(expression.then_expression, counts)
    foreign_mapping_reference_counts(expression.else_expression, counts)
  when AST::UnsafeExpr
    foreign_mapping_reference_counts(expression.expression, counts)
  when AST::PrefixCast
    foreign_mapping_reference_counts(expression.expression, counts)
  end

  counts
end

#foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(expression, replacements) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1329

def foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(expression, replacements)
  case expression
  when AST::Identifier
    replacements.key?(expression.name)
  when AST::MemberAccess
    foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(expression.receiver, replacements)
  when AST::IndexAccess
    foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(expression.receiver, replacements) ||
      foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(expression.index, replacements)
  when AST::Specialization, AST::Call
    foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(expression.callee, replacements) ||
      expression.arguments.any? { |argument| foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(argument.value, replacements) }
  when AST::UnaryOp
    foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(expression.operand, replacements)
  when AST::BinaryOp
    foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(expression.left, replacements) ||
      foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(expression.right, replacements)
  when AST::IfExpr
    foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(expression.condition, replacements) ||
      foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(expression.then_expression, replacements) ||
      foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(expression.else_expression, replacements)
  when AST::UnsafeExpr
    foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(expression.expression, replacements)
  when AST::PrefixCast
    foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(expression.expression, replacements)
  else
    false
  end
end

#foreign_slot_boundary_value_type(type) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 805

def foreign_slot_boundary_value_type(type)
  if type.is_a?(Types::Nullable) && pointer_like_type?(type.base)
    return type.base
  end

  type
end

#implicit_ref_argument_bridge?(expression, expected_type, env:) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 441

def implicit_ref_argument_bridge?(expression, expected_type, env:)
  return false unless ref_type?(expected_type)

  actual_type = infer_expression_type(expression, env:)
  actual_type == referenced_type(expected_type) && addressable_storage_expression?(expression)
end

#inlineable_single_direct_call_names(entries) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 700

def inlineable_single_direct_call_names(entries)
  blocked_entries = entries.select do |entry|
    next false unless entry[:reference_count].positive?

    entry[:reference_count] > 1 || !inlineable_foreign_argument_expression?(entry[:lowered_value])
  end
  return [] unless blocked_entries.length == 1

  blocked_entry = blocked_entries.first
  return [] unless blocked_entry[:reference_count] == 1 && blocked_entry[:lowered_value].is_a?(IR::Call)
  return [] if temporary_foreign_cstr_expression?(blocked_entry[:lowered_value])

  [blocked_entry[:param_ast].name]
end

#lower_addr_expression(expression, env:, target_type:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 354

def lower_addr_expression(expression, env:, target_type:)
  lowered_expression = lower_expression(expression, env:)
  return cast_expression(lowered_expression, target_type) if lowered_expression.is_a?(IR::Name) && lowered_expression.pointer

  if lowered_expression.is_a?(IR::Unary) && lowered_expression.operator == "*"
    return cast_expression(lowered_expression.operand, target_type)
  end

  IR::AddressOf.new(expression: lowered_expression, type: target_type)
end

#lower_atomic_method_call(kind, receiver, expression, env:, type:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1581

def lower_atomic_method_call(kind, receiver, expression, env:, type:)
  receiver_type = infer_expression_type(receiver, env:)
  elem_type = atomic_element_type(receiver_type)
  ptr_type = Types::Registry.generic_instance("ptr", [elem_type])
  receiver_ir = lower_expression(receiver, env:)
  addr = IR::AddressOf.new(expression: receiver_ir, type: ptr_type)
  seq_cst = IR::IntegerLiteral.new(value: 5, type: @ctx.types.fetch("int"))

  case kind
  when :atomic_load
    IR::Call.new(callee: "__atomic_load_n", arguments: [addr, seq_cst], type: elem_type)
  when :atomic_store
    arg = lower_contextual_expression(expression.arguments.first.value, env:, expected_type: elem_type)
    IR::Call.new(callee: "__atomic_store_n", arguments: [addr, arg, seq_cst], type:)
  when :atomic_add
    arg = lower_contextual_expression(expression.arguments.first.value, env:, expected_type: elem_type)
    IR::Call.new(callee: "__atomic_fetch_add", arguments: [addr, arg, seq_cst], type: elem_type)
  when :atomic_sub
    arg = lower_contextual_expression(expression.arguments.first.value, env:, expected_type: elem_type)
    IR::Call.new(callee: "__atomic_fetch_sub", arguments: [addr, arg, seq_cst], type: elem_type)
  when :atomic_exchange
    arg = lower_contextual_expression(expression.arguments.first.value, env:, expected_type: elem_type)
    IR::Call.new(callee: "__atomic_exchange_n", arguments: [addr, arg, seq_cst], type: elem_type)
  when :atomic_compare_exchange
    raise LoweringError.new("atomic compare_exchange is not yet implemented in the built-in surface; use std.sync.AtomicUint for compare-exchange operations", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
  end
end

#lower_call(expression, env:, type:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 8

def lower_call(expression, env:, type:)
  ct_value = compile_time_const_value(expression, env:)
  if ct_value && (literal = lower_compile_time_literal(ct_value, type))
    if expression.callee.is_a?(AST::Identifier)
      binding = @ctx.functions[expression.callee.name]
      return literal unless binding&.ast&.respond_to?(:const) && binding.ast.const
    else
      return literal
    end
  end

  kind, callee_name, receiver, callee_type, callee_binding = resolve_callee(expression.callee, env, arguments: expression.arguments)

  case kind
  when :function
    if callee_binding && foreign_function_binding?(callee_binding)
      raise LoweringError.new("consuming foreign calls must be top-level expression statements", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path) if foreign_call_consumes_binding?(callee_binding)

      return lower_foreign_call_inline(expression, callee_binding, env:, type:)
    end

    lowered_arguments = expression.arguments
    lowered_arguments = expand_function_defaults(lowered_arguments, callee_binding) if callee_binding
    arguments = lower_call_arguments(lowered_arguments, callee_type, env:)
    IR::Call.new(callee: callee_name, arguments:, type:)
  when :callable_value
    callee_expression = lower_expression(expression.callee, env:, expected_type: callee_type)
    if proc_type?(callee_type)
      arguments = [
        IR::Member.new(receiver: callee_expression, member: "env", type: proc_env_pointer_type),
        *lower_call_arguments(expression.arguments, callee_type, env:),
      ]
      IR::Call.new(
        callee: IR::Member.new(receiver: callee_expression, member: "invoke", type: proc_invoke_function_type(callee_type)),
        arguments:,
        type:,
      )
    else
      arguments = lower_call_arguments(expression.arguments, callee_type, env:)
      IR::Call.new(callee: callee_expression, arguments:, type:)
    end
  when :method
    receiver_arg = lower_method_receiver_argument(receiver, callee_type, callee_binding, env:)
    arguments = [receiver_arg, *lower_call_arguments(expression.arguments, callee_type, env:)]
    IR::Call.new(callee: callee_name, arguments:, type:)
  when :str_buffer_clear
    IR::Call.new(
      callee: "mt_str_buffer_clear",
      arguments: str_buffer_args(receiver, env:),
      type:,
    )
  when :str_buffer_assign, :str_buffer_assign_format
    IR::Call.new(
      callee: "mt_str_buffer_assign",
      arguments: [
        lower_contextual_expression(expression.arguments.fetch(0).value, env:, expected_type: @ctx.types.fetch("str")),
        *str_buffer_args(receiver, env:),
      ],
      type:,
    )
  when :str_buffer_append, :str_buffer_append_format
    IR::Call.new(
      callee: "mt_str_buffer_append",
      arguments: [
        lower_contextual_expression(expression.arguments.fetch(0).value, env:, expected_type: @ctx.types.fetch("str")),
        *str_buffer_args(receiver, env:),
      ],
      type:,
    )
  when :str_buffer_len
    IR::Call.new(
      callee: "mt_str_buffer_len",
      arguments: str_buffer_args(receiver, env:),
      type:,
    )
  when :str_buffer_capacity
    receiver_type = infer_expression_type(receiver, env:)
    IR::IntegerLiteral.new(value: str_buffer_capacity(receiver_type), type: type)
  when :str_buffer_as_str
    args = str_buffer_args(receiver, env:)
    IR::AggregateLiteral.new(
      type:,
      fields: [
        IR::AggregateField.new(name: "data", value: args[0]),
        IR::AggregateField.new(
          name: "len",
          value: IR::Call.new(
            callee: "mt_str_buffer_len",
            arguments: args,
            type: @ctx.types.fetch("ptr_uint"),
          ),
        ),
      ],
    )
  when :str_buffer_as_cstr
    IR::Call.new(
      callee: "mt_str_buffer_as_cstr",
      arguments: str_buffer_args(receiver, env:),
      type:,
    )
  when :array_as_span
    receiver_type = infer_expression_type(receiver, env:)
    lower_array_to_span_expression(lower_expression(receiver, env:), type)
  when :event_subscribe, :event_subscribe_once, :event_unsubscribe, :event_emit, :event_wait
    event_type = infer_expression_type(receiver, env:)
    runtime = ensure_event_runtime(event_type)
    event_pointer = lower_event_storage_pointer(receiver, env:)

    case kind
    when :event_subscribe
      lower_event_subscribe_call(expression, env:, runtime:, event_pointer:, type:)
    when :event_subscribe_once
      lower_event_subscribe_call(expression, env:, runtime:, event_pointer:, type:, once: true)
    when :event_unsubscribe
      IR::Call.new(
        callee: runtime.fetch(:unsubscribe_linkage_name),
        arguments: [
          event_pointer,
          lower_contextual_expression(expression.arguments.fetch(0).value, env:, expected_type: @ctx.types.fetch("Subscription")),
        ],
        type:,
      )
    when :event_emit
      arguments = [event_pointer]
      if event_type.payload_type
        arguments << lower_contextual_expression(expression.arguments.fetch(0).value, env:, expected_type: event_type.payload_type)
      end
      IR::Call.new(callee: runtime.fetch(:emit_linkage_name), arguments:, type:)
    when :event_wait
      IR::Call.new(callee: runtime.fetch(:wait_linkage_name), arguments: [event_pointer], type:)
    end
  when :atomic_load, :atomic_store, :atomic_add, :atomic_sub, :atomic_exchange, :atomic_compare_exchange
    lower_atomic_method_call(kind, receiver, expression, env:, type:)
  when :simd_lane_with
    lower_simd_lane_with(kind, receiver, expression, env:, type:)
  when :associated_method
    arguments = lower_call_arguments(expression.arguments, callee_type, env:)
    IR::Call.new(callee: callee_name, arguments:, type:)
  when :struct_literal
    fields = expression.arguments.map do |argument|
      field_type = type.field(argument.name)
      lowered_value = lower_contextual_expression(
        argument.value,
        env:,
        expected_type: field_type,
        external_numeric: type.respond_to?(:external) && type.external,
        contextual_int_to_float: contextual_int_to_float_target?(field_type),
      )
      lowered_value = wrap_nullable_field_value(field_type, lowered_value, env)
      IR::AggregateField.new(
        name: argument.name,
        value: lowered_value,
      )
    end
    IR::AggregateLiteral.new(type:, fields:)
  when :struct_with
    explicit_names = expression.arguments.each_with_object({}) { |a, h| h[a.name] = a }
    lowered_receiver = lower_expression(receiver, env:)
    field_hash = callee_type.respond_to?(:fields) ? callee_type.fields : {}
    fields = field_hash.map do |field_name, field_type|
      if (explicit_arg = explicit_names[field_name])
        IR::AggregateField.new(
          name: field_name,
          value: lower_contextual_expression(
            explicit_arg.value,
            env:,
            expected_type: field_type,
            contextual_int_to_float: contextual_int_to_float_target?(field_type),
          ),
        )
      else
        IR::AggregateField.new(
          name: field_name,
          value: IR::Member.new(
            receiver: lowered_receiver,
            member: field_name,
            type: field_type,
          ),
        )
      end
    end
    IR::AggregateLiteral.new(type: callee_type, fields:)
  when :variant_arm_ctor
    _, _, _, variant_type, (_, arm_name) = resolve_callee(expression.callee, env, arguments: expression.arguments)
    arm_fields = variant_type.arm(arm_name)
    provided_names = expression.arguments.map(&:name).to_set
    payload_fields = expression.arguments.map do |argument|
      field_type = arm_fields.fetch(argument.name)
      lowered_value = lower_contextual_expression(
        argument.value,
        env:,
        expected_type: field_type,
        contextual_int_to_float: contextual_int_to_float_target?(field_type),
      )
      lowered_value = IR::AddressOf.new(expression: lowered_value, type: lowered_value.type) if field_type == variant_type
      lowered_value = wrap_nullable_field_value(field_type, lowered_value, env) unless field_type == variant_type
      IR::AggregateField.new(
        name: argument.name,
        value: lowered_value,
      )
    end
    arm_fields.each do |field_name, field_type|
      next if provided_names.include?(field_name)
      next unless field_type.void?

      payload_fields << IR::AggregateField.new(
        name: field_name,
        value: IR::IntegerLiteral.new(type: @ctx.types.fetch("ubyte"), value: 0),
      )
    end
    IR::VariantLiteral.new(type: variant_type, arm_name:, fields: payload_fields)
  when :array
    element_type = array_element_type(type)
    elements = expression.arguments.map do |argument|
      lower_contextual_expression(argument.value, env:, expected_type: element_type)
    end
    IR::ArrayLiteral.new(type:, elements:)
  when :simd
    element_type = simd_type?(type) ? type.element_type : array_element_type(type)
    elements = expression.arguments.map do |argument|
      lower_contextual_expression(argument.value, env:, expected_type: element_type)
    end
    IR::ArrayLiteral.new(type:, elements:)
  when :reinterpret
    argument = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    source_type = infer_expression_type(argument.value, env:)
    IR::ReinterpretExpr.new(
      target_type: type,
      source_type:,
      expression: lower_expression(argument.value, env:, expected_type: source_type),
      type:,
    )
  when :hash
    resolution = resolve_hash_specialization(expression.callee, env:)
    argument = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    IR::Call.new(
      callee: resolution.callee_name,
      arguments: [lower_hash_operation_argument(argument.value, env:, target_type: resolution.target_type)],
      type:,
    )
  when :equal
    resolution = resolve_equal_specialization(expression.callee, env:)
    left = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    right = expression.arguments.fetch(1)
    IR::Call.new(
      callee: resolution.callee_name,
      arguments: [
        lower_hash_operation_argument(left.value, env:, target_type: resolution.target_type),
        lower_hash_operation_argument(right.value, env:, target_type: resolution.target_type),
      ],
      type:,
    )
  when :order
    resolution = resolve_order_specialization(expression.callee, env:)
    left = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    right = expression.arguments.fetch(1)
    IR::Call.new(
      callee: resolution.callee_name,
      arguments: [
        lower_hash_operation_argument(left.value, env:, target_type: resolution.target_type),
        lower_hash_operation_argument(right.value, env:, target_type: resolution.target_type),
      ],
      type:,
    )
  when :zero
    IR::ZeroInit.new(type:)
  when :fatal
    argument = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    message_type = infer_expression_type(argument.value, env:)
    callee = message_type == @ctx.types.fetch("cstr") ? "mt_fatal" : "mt_fatal_str"
    IR::Call.new(callee:, arguments: [lower_expression(argument.value, env:, expected_type: message_type)], type:)
  when :get
    receiver_arg = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    index_arg = expression.arguments.fetch(1)
    receiver_type = infer_expression_type(receiver_arg.value, env:)
    receiver = lower_expression(receiver_arg.value, env:)
    index = lower_expression(index_arg.value, env:)
    if array_type?(receiver_type)
      IR::NullableIndex.new(receiver:, index:, receiver_type:, type:)
    elsif receiver_type.is_a?(Types::Span)
      IR::NullableSpanIndex.new(receiver:, index:, receiver_type:, type:)
    else
      raise LoweringError.new("get expects an array or span, got #{receiver_type}", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
    end
  when :ref_of
    argument = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    lower_addr_expression(argument.value, env:, target_type: type)
  when :const_ptr_of
    argument = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    lower_addr_expression(argument.value, env:, target_type: type)
  when :read
    argument = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    IR::Unary.new(operator: "*", operand: lower_expression(argument.value, env:), type:)
  when :ptr_of
    argument = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    argument_type = infer_expression_type(argument.value, env:)
    if ref_type?(argument_type)
      IR::Cast.new(target_type: type, expression: lower_expression(argument.value, env:), type:)
    else
      lower_addr_expression(argument.value, env:, target_type: type)
    end
  when :adapt
    lower_adapt_call(expression, env:, type:, interface: callee_binding)
  when :dyn_method
    lower_dyn_method_call(expression, receiver, callee_type, env:, type:)
  else
    raise LoweringError.new("unsupported call kind #{kind}", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
  end
end

#lower_call_arguments(arguments, callee_type, env:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 422

def lower_call_arguments(arguments, callee_type, env:)
  arguments.map.with_index do |argument, index|
    parameter = index < callee_type.params.length ? callee_type.params[index] : nil
    expected_type = parameter&.type
    external_call = callee_type.respond_to?(:external) && callee_type.external && !expected_type.nil?
    if external_call && parameter && %i[out inout].include?(parameter.passing_mode)
      next lower_foreign_pointer_argument_value(parameter, argument, env:)
    end

    lower_contextual_expression(
      argument.value,
      env:,
      expected_type:,
      external_numeric: external_call,
      contextual_int_to_float: expected_type && contextual_int_to_float_target?(expected_type) && !external_call,
    )
  end
end

#lower_event_subscribe_call(expression, env:, runtime:, event_pointer:, type:, once: false) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1622

def lower_event_subscribe_call(expression, env:, runtime:, event_pointer:, type:, once: false)
  stateful = expression.arguments.length == 2
  callee_key = if stateful
                  once ? :subscribe_once_stateful_linkage_name : :subscribe_stateful_linkage_name
                else
                  once ? :subscribe_once_linkage_name : :subscribe_linkage_name
                end
  arguments = [event_pointer]
  if stateful
    arguments << lower_contextual_expression(expression.arguments.fetch(0).value, env:, expected_type: runtime.fetch(:void_ptr))
    arguments << lower_contextual_expression(expression.arguments.fetch(1).value, env:, expected_type: runtime.fetch(:void_ptr))
  else
    arguments << lower_contextual_expression(expression.arguments.fetch(0).value, env:, expected_type: runtime.fetch(:listener_type))
  end
  IR::Call.new(callee: runtime.fetch(callee_key), arguments:, type:)
end

#lower_foreign_argument_value(parameter, argument, env:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 723

def lower_foreign_argument_value(parameter, argument, env:)
  case parameter.passing_mode
  when :plain, :consuming
    if parameter.boundary_type.nil? || parameter.boundary_type == parameter.type
      expected = parameter.passing_mode == :consuming ? Types::Registry.nullable(parameter.type) : parameter.type
      lower_contextual_expression(argument.value, env:, expected_type: expected)
    elsif parameter.boundary_type == @ctx.types.fetch("cstr") && parameter.type == @ctx.types.fetch("str")
      if argument.value.is_a?(AST::StringLiteral) && !argument.value.cstring
        return IR::StringLiteral.new(value: argument.value.value, type: parameter.boundary_type, cstring: true)
      end

      actual_type = infer_expression_type(argument.value, env:)
      if actual_type == @ctx.types.fetch("cstr")
        return lower_expression(argument.value, env:, expected_type: parameter.boundary_type)
      end

      if cstr_backed_expression?(argument.value, env)
        lowered_value = lower_contextual_expression(argument.value, env:, expected_type: parameter.type)
        data_expression = IR::Member.new(receiver: lowered_value, member: "data", type: pointer_to(@ctx.types.fetch("char")))
        converted = foreign_identity_projection_expression(data_expression, parameter.boundary_type)
        return converted if converted
      end

      IR::Call.new(
        callee: "mt_foreign_str_to_cstr_temp",
        arguments: [lower_contextual_expression(argument.value, env:, expected_type: parameter.type)],
        type: parameter.boundary_type,
      )
    elsif foreign_span_boundary_compatible?(parameter.type, parameter.boundary_type)
      lower_foreign_span_argument_value(parameter, argument, env:)
    elsif foreign_char_pointer_buffer_boundary_compatible?(parameter.type, parameter.boundary_type)
      lower_foreign_char_pointer_buffer_argument_value(parameter, argument, env:)
    else
      lowered_value = lower_contextual_expression(argument.value, env:, expected_type: parameter.type)
      converted = foreign_identity_projection_expression(lowered_value, parameter.boundary_type)
      return converted if converted

      raise LoweringError.new("unsupported foreign boundary mapping #{parameter.type} as #{parameter.boundary_type}", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
    end
  when :in
    lower_foreign_in_argument_value(parameter, argument, env:)
  when :out, :inout
    lower_foreign_pointer_argument_value(parameter, argument, env:)
  else
    raise LoweringError.new("unsupported foreign passing mode #{parameter.passing_mode}", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
  end
end

#lower_foreign_call_components(foreign_call, env:, expected_type:, statement_position:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 488

def lower_foreign_call_components(foreign_call, env:, expected_type:, statement_position:)
  call = foreign_call.fetch(:call)
  binding = foreign_call.fetch(:binding)
  raise LoweringError.new("consuming foreign calls must be top-level expression statements", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path) if foreign_call_consumes_binding?(binding) && !statement_position

  previous_type_substitutions = @ctx.current_type_substitutions
  @ctx.current_type_substitutions = binding.type_substitutions

  owner_analysis = analysis_for_module(binding.owner.module_name)
  mapping_expression = foreign_mapping_expression(binding.ast)
  reference_counts = foreign_mapping_reference_counts(mapping_expression)
  mapping_env = duplicate_env(env)
  lowered = []
  release_assignments = consuming_foreign_release_assignments(foreign_call, env:)
  cleanup_statements = []

  replacements = bind_foreign_mapping_arguments(binding, call.arguments, mapping_env, lowered, env:, reference_counts:, cleanup: cleanup_statements)

  call_type = binding.type.return_type
  lowered_call = lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
    mapping_expression,
    mapping_env:,
    replacements:,
    owner_analysis:,
    expected_type: expected_type || call_type,
  )
  lowered_call = append_variadic_foreign_call_arguments(
    lowered_call,
    call.arguments,
    binding.type,
    env:,
    lowered:,
    cleanup: cleanup_statements,
  )

  [lowered, lowered_call, call_type, release_assignments, cleanup_statements]
ensure
  @ctx.current_type_substitutions = previous_type_substitutions
end

#lower_foreign_call_inline(expression, binding, env:, type:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 875

def lower_foreign_call_inline(expression, binding, env:, type:)
  previous_type_substitutions = @ctx.current_type_substitutions
  @ctx.current_type_substitutions = binding.type_substitutions

  owner_analysis = analysis_for_module(binding.owner.module_name)
  mapping_expression = foreign_mapping_expression(binding.ast)
  reference_counts = foreign_mapping_reference_counts(mapping_expression)
  mapping_env = duplicate_env(env)

  binding.ast.params.each_with_index do |param_ast, index|
    public_alias = param_ast.boundary_type ? foreign_mapping_public_alias_name(param_ast.name) : nil
    total_references = reference_counts.fetch(param_ast.name, 0)
    total_references += reference_counts.fetch(public_alias, 0) if public_alias
    next unless total_references > 1
    next if duplicable_foreign_argument_expression?(expression.arguments.fetch(index).value)

    raise LoweringError.new("foreign call #{binding.name} cannot be used inline because #{param_ast.name} is referenced multiple times in its mapping; use it as a statement, local initializer, assignment, or return expression", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
  end

  binding.ast.params.each_with_index do |param_ast, index|
    parameter = binding.type.params.fetch(index)
    next unless automatic_foreign_cstr_temp_needed?(parameter, expression.arguments.fetch(index).value, env:) ||
                automatic_foreign_cstr_list_temp_needed?(parameter, expression.arguments.fetch(index).value, env:)

    raise LoweringError.new("foreign call #{binding.name} cannot be used inline because #{param_ast.name} needs temporary foreign text storage; use it as a statement, local initializer, assignment, or return expression", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
  end

  expression.arguments.drop(binding.type.params.length).each do |argument|
    next unless automatic_variadic_foreign_cstr_temp_needed?(argument.value, env:)

    raise LoweringError.new("foreign call #{binding.name} cannot be used inline because a variadic argument needs temporary foreign text storage; use it as a statement, local initializer, assignment, or return expression", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
  end

  binding.ast.params.each_with_index do |param_ast, index|
    parameter = binding.type.params.fetch(index)
    argument = expression.arguments.fetch(index)
    next unless parameter.passing_mode == :in
    next if addressable_storage_expression?(foreign_argument_expression(argument))

    raise LoweringError.new("foreign call #{binding.name} cannot be used inline because #{param_ast.name} needs temporary in storage; use it as a statement, local initializer, assignment, or return expression", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
  end

  replacements = {}
  binding.ast.params.each_with_index do |param_ast, index|
    parameter = binding.type.params.fetch(index)
    temp_type = parameter.boundary_type || parameter.type
    public_alias = param_ast.boundary_type ? foreign_mapping_public_alias_name(param_ast.name) : nil

    if reference_counts.fetch(param_ast.name, 0).positive?
      current_actual_scope(mapping_env[:scopes])[param_ast.name] = local_binding(type: temp_type, linkage_name: param_ast.name, mutable: false, pointer: false)
      replacements[param_ast.name] = lower_foreign_argument_value(parameter, expression.arguments.fetch(index), env:)
    end

    next unless public_alias && reference_counts.fetch(public_alias, 0).positive?

    current_actual_scope(mapping_env[:scopes])[public_alias] = local_binding(type: parameter.type, linkage_name: public_alias, mutable: false, pointer: false)
    replacements[public_alias] = lower_contextual_expression(expression.arguments.fetch(index).value, env:, expected_type: parameter.type)
  end

  lowered_expression = lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
    mapping_expression,
    mapping_env:,
    replacements:,
    owner_analysis:,
    expected_type: type,
  )
  lowered_expression = append_variadic_foreign_call_arguments(
    lowered_expression,
    expression.arguments,
    binding.type,
    env:,
  )

  converted = foreign_identity_projection_expression(lowered_expression, type)
  return converted if converted

  lowered_expression
ensure
  @ctx.current_type_substitutions = previous_type_substitutions
end

#lower_foreign_call_statement(foreign_call, env:, expected_type:, statement_position:, discard_result: false) ⇒ Object

Raises:



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 528

def lower_foreign_call_statement(foreign_call, env:, expected_type:, statement_position:, discard_result: false)
  lowered, lowered_call, call_type, release_assignments, cleanup_statements = lower_foreign_call_components(
    foreign_call,
    env:,
    expected_type:,
    statement_position:,
  )

  if call_type == @ctx.types.fetch("void")
    lowered << IR::ExpressionStmt.new(expression: lowered_call)
    lowered.concat(release_assignments)
    lowered.concat(cleanup_statements)
    return [lowered, nil]
  end

  raise LoweringError.new("consuming foreign calls must return void", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path) unless release_assignments.empty?

  if discard_result
    lowered << IR::ExpressionStmt.new(expression: lowered_call)
    lowered.concat(cleanup_statements)
    return [lowered, nil]
  end

  unless cleanup_statements.empty?
    result_name = fresh_c_temp_name(env, "foreign_result")
    lowered << IR::LocalDecl.new(name: result_name, linkage_name: result_name, type: call_type, value: lowered_call)
    lowered.concat(cleanup_statements)
    return [lowered, IR::Name.new(name: result_name, type: call_type, pointer: false)]
  end

  [lowered, lowered_call]
end

#lower_foreign_char_pointer_buffer_argument_value(parameter, argument, env:) ⇒ Object

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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 847

def lower_foreign_char_pointer_buffer_argument_value(parameter, argument, env:)
  public_type = parameter.type

  if char_array_text_type?(public_type)
    return lower_char_array_data_pointer(argument.value, env:)
  end

  if str_buffer_type?(public_type)
    return IR::Call.new(
      callee: "mt_str_buffer_prepare_write",
      arguments: [
        lower_str_buffer_data_pointer(argument.value, env:),
        IR::IntegerLiteral.new(value: str_buffer_capacity(public_type), type: @ctx.types.fetch("ptr_uint")),
        lower_str_buffer_dirty_pointer(argument.value, env:),
      ],
      type: parameter.boundary_type,
    )
  end

  lowered_value = lower_contextual_expression(argument.value, env:, expected_type: public_type)
  return IR::Member.new(receiver: lowered_value, member: "data", type: parameter.boundary_type) if public_type.is_a?(Types::Span) && public_type.element_type == @ctx.types.fetch("char")

  converted = foreign_identity_projection_expression(lowered_value, parameter.boundary_type)
  return converted if converted

  raise LoweringError.new("unsupported foreign boundary mapping #{public_type} as #{parameter.boundary_type}", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
end

#lower_foreign_in_argument_value(parameter, argument, env:) ⇒ Object

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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 834

def lower_foreign_in_argument_value(parameter, argument, env:)
  address = lower_addr_expression(
    foreign_argument_expression(argument),
    env:,
    target_type: const_pointer_to(parameter.type),
  )

  converted = foreign_identity_projection_expression(address, parameter.boundary_type)
  return converted if converted

  raise LoweringError.new("unsupported foreign in boundary mapping #{parameter.type} as #{parameter.boundary_type}", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
end

#lower_foreign_pointer_argument_value(parameter, argument, env:) ⇒ Object

Raises:



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 794

def lower_foreign_pointer_argument_value(parameter, argument, env:)
  slot_type = foreign_slot_boundary_value_type(parameter.type)
  operand = foreign_argument_expression(argument)
  address = lower_addr_expression(operand, env:, target_type: pointer_to(slot_type))

  converted = foreign_identity_projection_expression(address, parameter.boundary_type)
  return converted if converted

  raise LoweringError.new("unsupported foreign pointer boundary mapping #{parameter.type} as #{parameter.boundary_type}", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
end

#lower_foreign_span_argument_value(parameter, argument, env:) ⇒ Object

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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 771

def lower_foreign_span_argument_value(parameter, argument, env:)
  public_type = parameter.type
  boundary_type = parameter.boundary_type
  lowered_value = lower_contextual_expression(argument.value, env:, expected_type: public_type)
  return lowered_value if public_type == boundary_type

  public_element_type = public_type.element_type
  boundary_element_type = boundary_type.element_type

  data_expression = IR::Member.new(receiver: lowered_value, member: "data", type: pointer_to(public_element_type))
  converted_data = foreign_identity_projection_expression(data_expression, pointer_to(boundary_element_type))
  raise LoweringError.new("unsupported foreign boundary mapping #{public_type} as #{boundary_type}", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path) unless converted_data

  len_expression = IR::Member.new(receiver: lowered_value, member: "len", type: @ctx.types.fetch("ptr_uint"))
  IR::AggregateLiteral.new(
    type: boundary_type,
    fields: [
      IR::AggregateField.new(name: "data", value: converted_data),
      IR::AggregateField.new(name: "len", value: len_expression),
    ],
  )
end

#lower_hash_operation_argument(expression, env:, target_type:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 365

def lower_hash_operation_argument(expression, env:, target_type:)
  actual_type = infer_expression_type(expression, env:)
  lowered_expression = lower_expression(expression, env:)
  pointer_type = const_pointer_to(target_type)

  if pointer_type?(actual_type) || ref_type?(actual_type)
    return cast_expression(lowered_expression, pointer_type)
  end

  return cast_expression(lowered_expression.operand, pointer_type) if lowered_expression.is_a?(IR::Unary) && lowered_expression.operator == "*"

  IR::AddressOf.new(expression: lowered_expression, type: pointer_type)
end

#lower_inline_foreign_mapping_call(expression, mapping_env:, replacements:, owner_analysis:, type:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1124

def lower_inline_foreign_mapping_call(expression, mapping_env:, replacements:, owner_analysis:, type:)
  kind, callee_name, receiver, callee_type, callee_binding = with_analysis_context(owner_analysis) do
    resolve_callee(expression.callee, mapping_env, arguments: expression.arguments)
  end

  case kind
  when :function
    raise LoweringError.new("consuming foreign calls must be top-level expression statements", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path) if callee_binding && foreign_function_binding?(callee_binding) && foreign_call_consumes_binding?(callee_binding)

    arguments = expression.arguments.map.with_index do |argument, index|
      expected_arg_type = index < callee_type.params.length ? callee_type.params[index].type : nil
      lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
        argument.value,
        mapping_env:,
        replacements:,
        owner_analysis:,
        expected_type: expected_arg_type,
      )
    end
    IR::Call.new(callee: callee_name, arguments:, type:)
  when :reinterpret
    argument = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    source_type = with_analysis_context(owner_analysis) do
      infer_expression_type(argument.value, env: mapping_env)
    end
    IR::ReinterpretExpr.new(
      target_type: type,
      source_type:,
      expression: lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
        argument.value,
        mapping_env:,
        replacements:,
        owner_analysis:,
        expected_type: source_type,
      ),
      type:,
    )
  when :hash
    resolution = with_analysis_context(owner_analysis) do
      resolve_hash_specialization(expression.callee, env: mapping_env)
    end
    argument = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    IR::Call.new(
      callee: resolution.callee_name,
      arguments: [
        lower_inline_hash_operation_argument(
          argument.value,
          mapping_env:,
          replacements:,
          owner_analysis:,
          target_type: resolution.target_type,
        ),
      ],
      type:,
    )
  when :equal
    resolution = with_analysis_context(owner_analysis) do
      resolve_equal_specialization(expression.callee, env: mapping_env)
    end
    left = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    right = expression.arguments.fetch(1)
    IR::Call.new(
      callee: resolution.callee_name,
      arguments: [
        lower_inline_hash_operation_argument(
          left.value,
          mapping_env:,
          replacements:,
          owner_analysis:,
          target_type: resolution.target_type,
        ),
        lower_inline_hash_operation_argument(
          right.value,
          mapping_env:,
          replacements:,
          owner_analysis:,
          target_type: resolution.target_type,
        ),
      ],
      type:,
    )
  when :order
    resolution = with_analysis_context(owner_analysis) do
      resolve_order_specialization(expression.callee, env: mapping_env)
    end
    left = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    right = expression.arguments.fetch(1)
    IR::Call.new(
      callee: resolution.callee_name,
      arguments: [
        lower_inline_hash_operation_argument(
          left.value,
          mapping_env:,
          replacements:,
          owner_analysis:,
          target_type: resolution.target_type,
        ),
        lower_inline_hash_operation_argument(
          right.value,
          mapping_env:,
          replacements:,
          owner_analysis:,
          target_type: resolution.target_type,
        ),
      ],
      type:,
    )
  when :zero
    IR::ZeroInit.new(type:)
  when :ref_of
    argument = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    lowered_argument = lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
      argument.value,
      mapping_env:,
      replacements:,
      owner_analysis:,
    )
    if lowered_argument.is_a?(IR::Name) && lowered_argument.pointer
      cast_expression(lowered_argument, type)
    elsif lowered_argument.is_a?(IR::Unary) && lowered_argument.operator == "*"
      cast_expression(lowered_argument.operand, type)
    else
      IR::AddressOf.new(expression: lowered_argument, type:)
    end
  when :const_ptr_of
    argument = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    lowered_argument = lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
      argument.value,
      mapping_env:,
      replacements:,
      owner_analysis:,
    )
    if lowered_argument.is_a?(IR::Name) && lowered_argument.pointer
      cast_expression(lowered_argument, type)
    elsif lowered_argument.is_a?(IR::Unary) && lowered_argument.operator == "*"
      cast_expression(lowered_argument.operand, type)
    else
      IR::AddressOf.new(expression: lowered_argument, type:)
    end
  when :read
    argument = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    IR::Unary.new(
      operator: "*",
      operand: lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
        argument.value,
        mapping_env:,
        replacements:,
        owner_analysis:,
      ),
      type:,
    )
  when :str_buffer_capacity
    receiver_type = with_analysis_context(owner_analysis) do
      infer_expression_type(receiver, env: mapping_env)
    end
    IR::IntegerLiteral.new(value: str_buffer_capacity(receiver_type), type:)
  when :ptr_of
    argument = expression.arguments.fetch(0)
    argument_type = with_analysis_context(owner_analysis) do
      infer_expression_type(argument.value, env: mapping_env)
    end
    if ref_type?(argument_type)
      IR::Cast.new(
        target_type: type,
        expression: lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
          argument.value,
          mapping_env:,
          replacements:,
          owner_analysis:,
        ),
        type:,
      )
    else
      lower_addr_expression(
        argument.value,
        env: mapping_env,
        target_type: type,
      )
    end
  else
    raise LoweringError.new("unsupported inline foreign mapping call kind #{kind}", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
  end
end

#lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(expression, mapping_env:, replacements:, owner_analysis:, expected_type: nil) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1000

def lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(expression, mapping_env:, replacements:, owner_analysis:, expected_type: nil)
  unless foreign_mapping_uses_inline_replacement?(expression, replacements)
    return with_analysis_context(owner_analysis) do
      lower_expression(expression, env: mapping_env, expected_type:)
    end
  end

  type = with_analysis_context(owner_analysis) do
    infer_expression_type(expression, env: mapping_env, expected_type:)
  end

  case expression
  when AST::Identifier
    replacements.fetch(expression.name)
  when AST::MemberAccess
    receiver_type = with_analysis_context(owner_analysis) do
      infer_expression_type(expression.receiver, env: mapping_env)
    end
    receiver = lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
      expression.receiver,
      mapping_env:,
      replacements:,
      owner_analysis:,
    )
    IR::Member.new(receiver:, member: member_c_name(receiver_type, expression.member), type:)
  when AST::IndexAccess
    receiver_type = with_analysis_context(owner_analysis) do
      infer_expression_type(expression.receiver, env: mapping_env)
    end
    receiver = lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
      expression.receiver,
      mapping_env:,
      replacements:,
      owner_analysis:,
    )
    index = lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
      expression.index,
      mapping_env:,
      replacements:,
      owner_analysis:,
    )
    if array_type?(receiver_type) && addressable_storage_expression?(expression.receiver)
      IR::CheckedIndex.new(receiver:, index:, receiver_type:, type:)
    elsif receiver_type.is_a?(Types::Span)
      IR::CheckedSpanIndex.new(receiver:, index:, receiver_type:, type:)
    else
      IR::Index.new(receiver:, index:, type:)
    end
  when AST::Call
    lower_inline_foreign_mapping_call(expression, mapping_env:, replacements:, owner_analysis:, type:)
  when AST::UnaryOp
    IR::Unary.new(
      operator: expression.operator,
      operand: lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
        expression.operand,
        mapping_env:,
        replacements:,
        owner_analysis:,
        expected_type: type,
      ),
      type:,
    )
  when AST::BinaryOp
    left_type, right_type = with_analysis_context(owner_analysis) do
      infer_binary_operand_types(expression, env: mapping_env, expected_type: type)
    end
    operand_type = promoted_binary_operand_type(expression.operator, left_type, right_type)
    left = lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
      expression.left,
      mapping_env:,
      replacements:,
      owner_analysis:,
      expected_type: operand_type || type,
    )
    right = lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
      expression.right,
      mapping_env:,
      replacements:,
      owner_analysis:,
      expected_type: operand_type || left.type,
    )
    left = cast_expression(left, operand_type) if operand_type
    right = cast_expression(right, operand_type) if operand_type
    IR::Binary.new(operator: expression.operator, left:, right:, type:)
  when AST::IfExpr
    IR::Conditional.new(
      condition: lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
        expression.condition,
        mapping_env:,
        replacements:,
        owner_analysis:,
        expected_type: @ctx.types.fetch("bool"),
      ),
      then_expression: lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
        expression.then_expression,
        mapping_env:,
        replacements:,
        owner_analysis:,
        expected_type: type,
      ),
      else_expression: lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
        expression.else_expression,
        mapping_env:,
        replacements:,
        owner_analysis:,
        expected_type: type,
      ),
      type:,
    )
  when AST::PrefixCast
    lowered_expr = lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
      expression.expression,
      mapping_env:,
      replacements:,
      owner_analysis:,
    )
    IR::Cast.new(target_type: type, expression: lowered_expr, type:)
  else
    with_analysis_context(owner_analysis) do
      lower_expression(expression, env: mapping_env, expected_type:)
    end
  end
end

#lower_inline_hash_operation_argument(expression, mapping_env:, replacements:, owner_analysis:, target_type:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1308

def lower_inline_hash_operation_argument(expression, mapping_env:, replacements:, owner_analysis:, target_type:)
  actual_type = with_analysis_context(owner_analysis) do
    infer_expression_type(expression, env: mapping_env)
  end
  lowered_expression = lower_inline_foreign_mapping_expression(
    expression,
    mapping_env:,
    replacements:,
    owner_analysis:,
  )
  pointer_type = const_pointer_to(target_type)

  if pointer_type?(actual_type) || ref_type?(actual_type)
    return cast_expression(lowered_expression, pointer_type)
  end

  return cast_expression(lowered_expression.operand, pointer_type) if lowered_expression.is_a?(IR::Unary) && lowered_expression.operator == "*"

  IR::AddressOf.new(expression: lowered_expression, type: pointer_type)
end

#lower_method_receiver_argument(receiver, callee_type, callee_binding, env:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 318

def lower_method_receiver_argument(receiver, callee_type, callee_binding, env:)
  lowered_receiver = lower_expression(receiver, env:)
  declared_receiver_type = callee_type.receiver_type

  if pointer_lowered_method_receiver?(callee_type, callee_binding)
    return lowered_receiver if ref_type?(lowered_receiver.type)
    return lowered_receiver if pointer_type?(lowered_receiver.type)

    if lowered_receiver.is_a?(IR::Name) && lowered_receiver.pointer
      return lowered_receiver
    end

    if lowered_receiver.is_a?(IR::Unary) && lowered_receiver.operator == "*"
      return lowered_receiver.operand
    end

    return IR::AddressOf.new(expression: lowered_receiver, type: lowered_receiver.type)
  end

  return lowered_receiver if declared_receiver_type && pointer_type?(declared_receiver_type)

  if ref_type?(lowered_receiver.type)
    return IR::Unary.new(operator: "*", operand: lowered_receiver, type: referenced_type(lowered_receiver.type))
  end

  if lowered_receiver.is_a?(IR::Name) && lowered_receiver.pointer
    return IR::Unary.new(operator: "*", operand: lowered_receiver, type: lowered_receiver.type)
  end

  if pointer_type?(lowered_receiver.type)
    return IR::Unary.new(operator: "*", operand: lowered_receiver, type: pointee_type(lowered_receiver.type))
  end

  lowered_receiver
end

#lower_simd_lane_with(_kind, receiver, expression, env:, type:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1609

def lower_simd_lane_with(_kind, receiver, expression, env:, type:)
  receiver_ir = lower_expression(receiver, env:)
  index_ir = lower_expression(expression.arguments[0].value, env:, expected_type: @ctx.types.fetch("int"))
  value_ir = lower_contextual_expression(expression.arguments[1].value, env:, expected_type: type.element_type)

  IR::SimdLaneWith.new(
    src: receiver_ir,
    index: index_ir,
    value: value_ir,
    type:,
  )
end

#lower_specialization(expression, env:, type:) ⇒ Object

Raises:



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1522

def lower_specialization(expression, env:, type:)
  if expression.callee.is_a?(AST::Identifier) && expression.callee.name == "zero"
    return IR::ZeroInit.new(type:)
  end

  if expression.callee.is_a?(AST::Identifier) && expression.callee.name == "default"
    resolution = resolve_default_specialization(expression, env:)
    return IR::Call.new(callee: resolution.callee_name, arguments: [], type:) if resolution.binding

    return IR::ZeroInit.new(type:)
  end

  if (literal = lower_compile_time_literal(compile_time_const_value(expression, env:), type))
    return literal
  end

  if (callable_resolution = resolve_specialized_callable_binding(expression, env:))
    callable_kind, function_binding, = callable_resolution
    raise LoweringError.new("specialized method must be called", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path) if callable_kind == :method

    raise LoweringError.new("foreign function #{function_binding.name} cannot be used as a value", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path) if foreign_function_binding?(function_binding)

    if function_binding.external
      return IR::Name.new(name: external_function_c_name(function_binding), type:, pointer: false)
    end

    return IR::Name.new(
      name: function_binding_c_name(function_binding, module_name: function_binding.owner.module_name),
      type:,
      pointer: false,
    )
  end

  raise LoweringError.new("specialization #{expression.callee.name} must be called", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path) if expression.callee.is_a?(AST::Identifier)

  raise LoweringError.new("unsupported specialization #{expression.class.name}", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path)
end

#lower_variadic_foreign_argument(argument, env:, lowered:, cleanup:) ⇒ Object

Raises:



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 970

def lower_variadic_foreign_argument(argument, env:, lowered:, cleanup:)
  actual_type = infer_expression_type(argument.value, env:)
  return lower_contextual_expression(argument.value, env:, expected_type: nil) unless actual_type == @ctx.types.fetch("str")

  lowered_argument = lower_foreign_argument_value(
    Types::Registry.parameter("__mt_variadic", actual_type, passing_mode: :plain, boundary_type: @ctx.types.fetch("cstr")),
    argument,
    env:,
  )
  return lowered_argument unless temporary_foreign_cstr_expression?(lowered_argument)

  raise LoweringError.new("foreign variadic call cannot be used inline because an extra argument needs temporary foreign text storage; use it as a statement, local initializer, assignment, or return expression", line: 0, column: 0, path: @ctx.current_analysis_path) unless lowered && cleanup

  temp_name = fresh_c_temp_name(env, "foreign_arg")
  lowered << IR::LocalDecl.new(
    name: temp_name,
    linkage_name: temp_name,
    type: @ctx.types.fetch("cstr"),
    value: lowered_argument,
  )
  cleanup << IR::ExpressionStmt.new(
    expression: IR::Call.new(
      callee: "mt_free_foreign_cstr_temp",
      arguments: [IR::Name.new(name: temp_name, type: @ctx.types.fetch("cstr"), pointer: false)],
      type: @ctx.types.fetch("void"),
    ),
  )
  IR::Name.new(name: temp_name, type: @ctx.types.fetch("cstr"), pointer: false)
end

#prepare_foreign_in_argument(parameter, argument, source_env:, lowered:, env:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 813

def prepare_foreign_in_argument(parameter, argument, source_env:, lowered:, env:)
  return argument unless parameter.passing_mode == :in

  operand = foreign_argument_expression(argument)
  return argument if addressable_storage_expression?(operand)

  temp_name = fresh_c_temp_name(env, "foreign_in")
  lowered << IR::LocalDecl.new(
    name: temp_name,
    linkage_name: temp_name,
    type: parameter.type,
    value: lower_contextual_expression(operand, env: source_env, expected_type: parameter.type),
  )
  current_actual_scope(source_env[:scopes])[temp_name] = local_binding(type: parameter.type, linkage_name: temp_name, mutable: false, pointer: false)

  AST::Argument.new(
    name: argument.name,
    value: AST::Identifier.new(name: temp_name),
  )
end

#simd_method_kind(receiver_type, name) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1573

def simd_method_kind(receiver_type, name)
  return unless simd_type?(receiver_type)

  case name
  when "with" then :simd_lane_with
  end
end

#substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(expression, replacements) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1389

def substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(expression, replacements)
  case expression
  when AST::Identifier
    replacements.fetch(expression.name, expression)
  when AST::MemberAccess
    AST::MemberAccess.new(receiver: substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(expression.receiver, replacements), member: expression.member)
  when AST::IndexAccess
    AST::IndexAccess.new(
      receiver: substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(expression.receiver, replacements),
      index: substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(expression.index, replacements),
    )
  when AST::Specialization
    AST::Specialization.new(
      callee: substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(expression.callee, replacements),
      arguments: expression.arguments.map do |argument|
        AST::Argument.new(name: argument.name, value: substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(argument.value, replacements))
      end,
    )
  when AST::Call
    AST::Call.new(
      callee: substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(expression.callee, replacements),
      arguments: expression.arguments.map do |argument|
        AST::Argument.new(name: argument.name, value: substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(argument.value, replacements))
      end,
    )
  when AST::UnaryOp
    AST::UnaryOp.new(operator: expression.operator, operand: substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(expression.operand, replacements))
  when AST::BinaryOp
    AST::BinaryOp.new(
      operator: expression.operator,
      left: substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(expression.left, replacements),
      right: substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(expression.right, replacements),
    )
  when AST::IfExpr
    AST::IfExpr.new(
      condition: substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(expression.condition, replacements),
      then_expression: substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(expression.then_expression, replacements),
      else_expression: substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(expression.else_expression, replacements),
    )
  when AST::UnsafeExpr
    AST::UnsafeExpr.new(expression: substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(expression.expression, replacements))
  when AST::PrefixCast
    AST::PrefixCast.new(target_type: expression.target_type, expression: substitute_foreign_mapping_expression(expression.expression, replacements))
  else
    expression
  end
end

#task_expression_root_proc_bridge?(expression, expected_type, env:) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 448

def task_expression_root_proc_bridge?(expression, expected_type, env:)
  return false unless task_root_proc_type?(expected_type)

  actual_type = infer_expression_type(expression, env:)
  actual_type.is_a?(Types::Task) && actual_type == expected_type.return_type
end

#temporary_foreign_cstr_expression?(expression) ⇒ Boolean

Returns:

  • (Boolean) 


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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 1518

def temporary_foreign_cstr_expression?(expression)
  expression.is_a?(IR::Call) && expression.callee == "mt_foreign_str_to_cstr_temp"
end

#wrap_expression_in_ref_of(expression) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 464

def wrap_expression_in_ref_of(expression)
  AST::Call.new(
    callee: AST::Identifier.new(name: "ref_of"),
    arguments: [AST::Argument.new(name: nil, value: expression)],
  )
end

#wrap_task_expression_in_root_proc(expression, env:) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/milk_tea/core/lowering/calls.rb', line 455

def wrap_task_expression_in_root_proc(expression, env:)
  task_type = infer_expression_type(expression, env:)
  AST::ProcExpr.new(
    params: [],
    return_type: ast_type_ref_for(task_type),
    body: [AST::ReturnStmt.new(value: expression)],
  )
end