Class: Lutaml::Xml::Adapter::OgaAdapter

Inherits:
BaseAdapter show all
Extended by:
AdapterHelpers, DocTypeExtractor
Defined in:
lib/lutaml/xml/adapter/oga_adapter.rb

Constant Summary collapse

TEXT_CLASSES = 
[Moxml::Text, Moxml::Cdata].freeze

Instance Attribute Summary

Attributes inherited from Document

#doctype, #encoding, #parsed_doc, #register, #root, #xml_declaration

Class Method Summary collapse

Instance Method Summary collapse

Methods included from DocTypeExtractor

extract_doctype_from_xml

Methods included from AdapterHelpers

build_element_from_child, name_of, namespace_uri_hoisted?, namespaced_attr_name, namespaced_name_of, node_type_of, prefix_for_namespace_uri, prefixed_name_of, text_node?

Methods inherited from BaseAdapter

#add_value, #attribute_definition_for, #attribute_value_for, #build_ordered_element_with_plan, #build_unordered_children_with_plan, #child_plan_for, #determine_encoding, extract_document_processing_instructions, fpi?, fpi_to_urn, name_of, namespaced_attr_name, namespaced_name, namespaced_name_of, order_of, #ordered?, prefixed_name_of, #process_content_mapping, #render_element?

Methods included from PolymorphicValueHandler

#polymorphic_value?

Methods included from DeclarationHandler

extract_attribute, extract_xml_declaration, #generate_declaration, #generate_doctype_declaration, #should_include_declaration?

Methods inherited from Document

#add_value, #attribute_definition_for, #attribute_value_for, #attributes, #cdata, #children, #declaration, #doctype_declaration, #element_children, #element_children_index, encoding, #initialize, name_of, namespaced_name_of, order_of, #ordered?, #parse_element, #process_content_mapping, #render_element?, #text, #to_h, type

Constructor Details

This class inherits a constructor from Lutaml::Xml::Document

Class Method Details

.parse(xml, options = {}) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/lutaml/xml/adapter/oga_adapter.rb', line 13

def self.parse(xml, options = {})
  enc = encoding(xml, options)
  # Oga requires UTF-8 encoded input; convert from other encodings
  xml = xml.encode("UTF-8") unless xml.encoding == Encoding::UTF_8
  parsed = Moxml::Adapter::Oga.parse(xml, encoding: enc)
  root_element = parsed.root

  # Validate that we have a root element
  if root_element.nil?
    raise Lutaml::Model::InvalidFormatError.new(
      :xml,
      "Document has no root element. " \
      "The XML may be empty, contain only whitespace, " \
      "or consist only of an XML declaration.",
    )
  end

  # Extract DOCTYPE information
  # Moxml/Oga doesn't directly expose DOCTYPE, extract from raw XML
  doctype_info = extract_doctype_from_xml(xml)

  @root = Oga::Element.new(root_element)
  @root.processing_instructions = extract_document_processing_instructions(parsed)
  new(@root, enc, doctype: doctype_info)
end

.text_of(element) ⇒ Object

NOTE: name_of, prefixed_name_of, namespaced_attr_name, namespaced_name_of are provided by AdapterHelpers module via extend



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# File 'lib/lutaml/xml/adapter/oga_adapter.rb', line 829

def self.text_of(element)
  element.text
end

Instance Method Details

#add_simple_value(xml, rule, value, attribute, plan: nil, mapping: nil) ⇒ Object

Add simple (non-model) values to XML



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# File 'lib/lutaml/xml/adapter/oga_adapter.rb', line 690

def add_simple_value(xml, rule, value, attribute, plan: nil,
    mapping: nil)
  # Handle array values by creating multiple elements
  if value.is_a?(Array)
    value.each do |val|
      add_simple_value(xml, rule, val, attribute, plan: plan,
                                                  mapping: mapping)
    end
    return
  end

  # Determine prefix for this element based on namespace rules
  # Initialize namespace resolver
  resolver = NamespaceResolver.new(register)

  # Extract parent_uses_default_ns from options or calculate it
  parent_uses_default_ns = options[:parent_uses_default_ns]
  if parent_uses_default_ns.nil?
    parent_uses_default_ns = if mapping&.namespace_class && plan
                               key = mapping.namespace_class.to_key
                               ns_decl = plan.namespace(key)
                               ns_decl&.declared_here? && ns_decl.default_format?
                             else
                               false
                             end
  end

  # Resolve namespace using the resolver
  ns_result = resolver.resolve_for_element(rule, attribute, mapping,
                                           plan, options)
  ns_result[:prefix]
  type_ns_info = ns_result[:ns_info]

  # BUG FIX #49: Check if child element is in same namespace as parent
  # If yes, inherit parent's format (default vs prefix)

  # Get parent's namespace URI
  parent_ns_class = options[:parent_namespace_class]
  parent_ns_decl = options[:parent_ns_decl]
  parent_ns_uri = parent_ns_class&.uri

  # Get child's resolved namespace URI
  child_ns_uri = ns_result[:uri]

  # Initialize resolved_prefix from namespace resolution
  resolved_prefix = ns_result[:prefix]

  # CRITICAL FIX FOR NATIVE TYPE NAMESPACE INHERITANCE:
  # Elements without explicit namespace declaration should NOT inherit
  # parent's prefix format. They should be in blank namespace.
  #
  # Check if this is a native type without explicit namespace:
  # 1. No namespace directive on the mapping rule
  # 2. Attribute type doesn't have namespace_class (native type like :string)
  element_has_no_explicit_ns = !rule.namespace_set?
  type_class = attribute&.type(register)
  type_has_no_ns = !(type_class.is_a?(Class) && type_class <= Lutaml::Model::Type::Value) ||
    !type_class&.namespace_class

  # If native type with no explicit namespace, DON'T inherit parent's prefix
  if element_has_no_explicit_ns && type_has_no_ns
    # Native type - force blank namespace (no prefix)
    resolved_prefix = nil
    # Check if parent uses default format - if so, need xmlns="" to opt out
    parent_ns_decl&.default_format?
  # Only inherit format if child is in SAME namespace as parent (matching URIs)
  elsif parent_ns_class && parent_ns_decl &&
      child_ns_uri && parent_ns_uri &&
      child_ns_uri == parent_ns_uri
    # Same namespace URI - inherit parent's format
    resolved_prefix = if parent_ns_decl.prefix_format?
                        parent_ns_decl.prefix
                      else
                        # Parent uses default format, child should too (no prefix)
                        nil
                      end
  end

  # Prepare attributes with xmlns if needed
  attributes = {}

  # W3C COMPLIANCE: Use resolver to determine xmlns="" requirement
  if resolver.xmlns_blank_required?(ns_result, parent_uses_default_ns)
    attributes["xmlns"] = ""
  end

  # Check if this namespace needs local declaration (out of scope)
  if resolved_prefix && plan&.namespaces
    ns_entry = plan.namespaces.values.find do |ns_decl|
      ns_decl.ns_object.prefix_default == resolved_prefix ||
        (type_ns_info && type_ns_info[:uri] && ns_decl.ns_object.uri == type_ns_info[:uri])
    end

    if ns_entry&.local_on_use?
      xmlns_attr = resolved_prefix ? "xmlns:#{resolved_prefix}" : "xmlns"
      attributes[xmlns_attr] = ns_entry.ns_object.uri
    end
  end

  if value.nil?
    xml.create_and_add_element(rule.name,
                               attributes: attributes.merge({ "xsi:nil" => true }),
                               prefix: resolved_prefix)
  elsif ::Lutaml::Model::Utils.empty?(value)
    xml.create_and_add_element(rule.name,
                               attributes: attributes.empty? ? nil : attributes,
                               prefix: resolved_prefix)
  elsif rule.raw_mapping?
    xml.add_xml_fragment(xml, value)
  else
    xml.create_and_add_element(rule.name,
                               attributes: attributes.empty? ? nil : attributes,
                               prefix: resolved_prefix) do
      add_value(xml, value, attribute, cdata: rule.cdata)
    end
  end
end

#attributes_hash(element) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/lutaml/xml/adapter/oga_adapter.rb', line 808

def attributes_hash(element)
  result = Lutaml::Model::MappingHash.new

  element.attributes_each_value do |attr|
    if attr.name == "schemaLocation"
      result["__schema_location"] = {
        namespace: attr.namespace,
        prefix: attr.namespace.prefix,
        schema_location: attr.value,
      }
    else
      result[self.class.namespaced_attr_name(attr)] = attr.value
    end
  end

  result
end

#build_element_with_plan(xml, element, plan, options = {}) ⇒ Object

Build element using prepared namespace declaration plan

Parameters:

  • xml (Builder) —

    the XML builder

  • element (Object) —

    the model instance

  • plan (Hash) —

    the declaration plan from DeclarationPlanner

  • options (Hash) (defaults to: {}) —

    serialization options



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# File 'lib/lutaml/xml/adapter/oga_adapter.rb', line 135

def build_element_with_plan(xml, element, plan, options = {})
  mapper_class = options[:mapper_class] || element.class
  xml_mapping = mapper_class.mappings_for(:xml)
  return xml unless xml_mapping

  # TYPE-ONLY MODELS: No element wrapper, serialize children directly
  # BUT if we have a tag_name in options, that means parent wants a wrapper
  plan ||= {
    namespaces: {},
    children_plans: {},
    type_namespaces: {},
  }

  if xml_mapping.no_element?
    # If parent provided a tag_name, create that wrapper first
    if options[:tag_name]
      xml.create_and_add_element(options[:tag_name]) do |inner_xml|
        # Serialize type-only model's children inside parent's wrapper
        xml_mapping.elements.each do |element_rule|
          next if options[:except]&.include?(element_rule.to)

          attribute_def = mapper_class.attributes[element_rule.to]
          next unless attribute_def

          value = element.send(element_rule.to)
          next unless element_rule.render?(value, element)

          # For type-only models, children plans may not be available
          # Serialize children directly
          if value && attribute_def.type(register)&.<=(Lutaml::Model::Serialize)
            # Nested model - recursively build it
            child_plan = plan.child_plan(element_rule.to) || DeclarationPlan.empty
            build_element_with_plan(
              inner_xml,
              value,
              child_plan,
              { mapper_class: attribute_def.type(register),
                tag_name: element_rule.name },
            )
          else
            # Simple value - create element directly
            inner_xml.create_and_add_element(element_rule.name) do
              add_value(inner_xml, value, attribute_def,
                        cdata: element_rule.cdata)
            end
          end
        end
      end
    else
      # No wrapper at all - serialize children directly (for root-level type-only)
      xml_mapping.elements.each do |element_rule|
        next if options[:except]&.include?(element_rule.to)

        attribute_def = mapper_class.attributes[element_rule.to]
        next unless attribute_def

        value = element.send(element_rule.to)
        next unless element_rule.render?(value, element)

        child_plan = plan.child_plan(element_rule.to)

        if value && attribute_def.type(register)&.<=(Lutaml::Model::Serialize)
          handle_nested_elements_with_plan(
            xml,
            value,
            element_rule,
            attribute_def,
            child_plan,
            options,
          )
        else
          add_simple_value(xml, element_rule, value, attribute_def,
                           plan: plan, mapping: xml_mapping)
        end
      end
    end
    return xml
  end

  # Use xmlns declarations from plan
  attributes = {}

  # Apply namespace declarations from plan using extracted module
  attributes.merge!(NamespaceDeclarationBuilder.build_xmlns_attributes(plan))

  # Add regular attributes (non-xmlns)

  xml_mapping.attributes.each do |attribute_rule|
    next if attribute_rule.custom_methods[:to] ||
      options[:except]&.include?(attribute_rule.to)

    mapping_rule_name = if attribute_rule.multiple_mappings?
                          attribute_rule.name.first
                        else
                          attribute_rule.name
                        end

    attr = attribute_definition_for(element, attribute_rule,
                                    mapper_class: mapper_class)
    value = attribute_rule.to_value_for(element)

    # Handle as_list and delimiter BEFORE serialization for array values
    # These features convert arrays to delimited strings before serialization
    if value.is_a?(Array)
      if attribute_rule.as_list && attribute_rule.as_list[:export]
        value = attribute_rule.as_list[:export].call(value)
      elsif attribute_rule.delimiter
        value = value.join(attribute_rule.delimiter)
      end
    end

    value = attr.serialize(value, :xml, register) if attr
    value = ExportTransformer.call(value, attribute_rule, attr,
                                   format: :xml)

    if render_element?(attribute_rule, element, value)
      # Resolve attribute namespace using extracted module
      ns_info = AttributeNamespaceResolver.resolve(
        rule: attribute_rule,
        attribute: attr,
        plan: plan,
        mapper_class: mapper_class,
        register: register,
      )

      # Build qualified attribute name based on W3C semantics
      attr_name = AttributeNamespaceResolver.build_qualified_name(
        ns_info,
        mapping_rule_name,
        attribute_rule,
      )
      attributes[attr_name] = value ? value.to_s : value

      # Add local xmlns declaration if needed
      if ns_info[:needs_local_declaration]
        attributes[ns_info[:local_xmlns_attr]] =
          ns_info[:local_xmlns_uri]
      end
    end
  end

  # Add schema_location attribute from ElementNode if present
  # This is for the plan-based path where schema_location_attr is computed during planning
  attributes.merge!(plan.root_node.schema_location_attr) if plan&.root_node&.schema_location_attr

  # Determine prefix from plan using extracted module
  prefix_info = ElementPrefixResolver.resolve(mapping: xml_mapping,
                                              plan: plan)
  prefix = prefix_info[:prefix]

  tag_name = options[:tag_name] || xml_mapping.root_element
  return if options[:except]&.include?(tag_name)

  xml.create_and_add_element(tag_name, prefix: prefix,
                                       attributes: attributes.compact) do
    if ordered?(element, options.merge(mapper_class: mapper_class))
      build_ordered_element_with_plan(xml, element, plan,
                                      options.merge(
                                        mapper_class: mapper_class,
                                        parent_ns_decl: prefix_info[:ns_decl],
                                      ))
    else
      build_unordered_children_with_plan(xml, element, plan,
                                         options.merge(
                                           mapper_class: mapper_class,
                                           parent_ns_decl: prefix_info[:ns_decl],
                                         ))
    end
  end
end

#build_xml_element(xml, element, parent_uses_default_ns: false, parent_element_form_default: nil, parent_namespace_class: nil) ⇒ Object

Build XML from XmlDataModel::XmlElement structure

Parameters:

  • xml (Builder) —

    XML builder

  • element (XmlDataModel::XmlElement) —

    element to build

  • parent_uses_default_ns (Boolean) (defaults to: false) —

    parent uses default namespace format

  • parent_element_form_default (Symbol) (defaults to: nil) —

    parent’s element_form_default

  • parent_namespace_class (Class) (defaults to: nil) —

    parent’s namespace class



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# File 'lib/lutaml/xml/adapter/oga_adapter.rb', line 313

def build_xml_element(xml, element, parent_uses_default_ns: false,
    parent_element_form_default: nil, parent_namespace_class: nil)
  # Prepare attributes hash
  attributes = {}

  # Determine if attributes should be qualified based on element's namespace
  element_ns_class = element.namespace_class
  attribute_form_default = element_ns_class&.attribute_form_default || :unqualified
  element_prefix = element_ns_class&.prefix_default

  # Get element_form_default for children
  this_element_form_default = element_ns_class&.element_form_default || :unqualified

  # Add regular attributes
  element.attributes.each do |attr|
    # Determine attribute name with namespace consideration
    attr_name = if attr.namespace_class
                  # Check if attribute is in SAME namespace as element
                  if attr.namespace_class == element_ns_class && attribute_form_default == :unqualified
                    # Same namespace + unqualified → NO prefix (W3C rule)
                    attr.name
                  else
                    # Different namespace OR qualified → use prefix
                    attr_prefix = attr.namespace_class.prefix_default
                    attr_prefix ? "#{attr_prefix}:#{attr.name}" : attr.name
                  end
                elsif attribute_form_default == :qualified && element_prefix
                  # Attribute inherits element's namespace when qualified
                  "#{element_prefix}:#{attr.name}"
                else
                  # Unqualified attribute
                  attr.name
                end
    attributes[attr_name] = attr.value
  end

  # Determine element name with namespace prefix
  tag_name = element.name

  # Priority 2.5: Child namespace different from parent's default namespace
  # MUST use prefix format to distinguish from parent
  child_needs_prefix = if element_ns_class && parent_namespace_class &&
      element_ns_class != parent_namespace_class && parent_uses_default_ns
                         element_prefix # Use child's prefix
                       end

  # CRITICAL FIX: element_form_default: :qualified means child elements inherit parent's namespace PREFIX
  # even when child has NO explicit namespace_class
  prefix = if child_needs_prefix
             # Priority 2.5 takes precedence
             child_needs_prefix
           elsif element_ns_class && element_prefix
             # Element has explicit prefix_default - use prefix format
             element_prefix
           elsif !element_ns_class && parent_element_form_default == :qualified && parent_namespace_class&.prefix_default
             # Child has NO namespace, but parent has :qualified form_default
             # Child should INHERIT parent's namespace PREFIX
             parent_namespace_class.prefix_default
           else
             # No prefix (default format or no parent namespace)
             nil
           end

  # Track if THIS element uses default namespace format for children
  this_element_uses_default_ns = false

  # Add namespace declaration if element has namespace
  if element.namespace_class
    ns_uri = element.namespace_class.uri

    if prefix
      attributes["xmlns:#{prefix}"] = ns_uri
      # W3C Compliance: xmlns="" only needed for blank namespace children
      # Prefixed children are already in different namespace from parent's default
    else
      attributes["xmlns"] = ns_uri
      this_element_uses_default_ns = true
    end
  elsif parent_uses_default_ns
    # W3C Compliance: Element has no namespace (blank namespace)
    # Check if should inherit parent's namespace based on element_form_default
    # Parent uses default namespace format
    if parent_element_form_default == :qualified
      # Child should INHERIT parent's namespace - no xmlns="" needed
      # The child is in parent namespace (qualified)
    else
      # Parent's element_form_default is :unqualified - child in blank namespace
      # Add xmlns="" to explicitly opt out of parent's default namespace
      attributes["xmlns"] = ""
    end
  end

  # Check if element was created from nil value with render_nil option
  # Add xsi:nil="true" attribute for W3C compliance
  if element.respond_to?(:xsi_nil) && element.xsi_nil
    attributes["xsi:nil"] = true
  end

  # Create element
  xml.create_and_add_element(tag_name, attributes: attributes,
                                       prefix: prefix) do |inner_xml|
    # Handle raw content (map_all directive)
    # If @raw_content exists, add as raw XML
    has_raw_content = false
    if element.respond_to?(:raw_content)
      raw_content = element.raw_content
      if raw_content && !raw_content.to_s.empty?
        inner_xml.add_xml_fragment(inner_xml, raw_content.to_s)
        has_raw_content = true
      end
    end

    # Skip text content and children if we have raw content
    unless has_raw_content
      # Add text content if present
      if element.text_content
        if element.cdata
          inner_xml.cdata(element.text_content.to_s)
        else
          inner_xml.text(element.text_content.to_s)
        end
      end

      # Recursively build child elements, passing namespace context
      element.children.each do |child|
        if child.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::DataModel::XmlElement)
          build_xml_element(inner_xml, child,
                            parent_uses_default_ns: this_element_uses_default_ns,
                            parent_element_form_default: this_element_form_default,
                            parent_namespace_class: element_ns_class)
        elsif child.is_a?(String)
          inner_xml.text(child)
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

#build_xml_element_with_plan(xml, xml_element, plan, _options = {}) ⇒ Object

Build XML from XmlDataModel::XmlElement using DeclarationPlan tree (PARALLEL TRAVERSAL)

Uses moxml APIs exclusively — no native ::Oga::XML::* classes.

Parameters:

  • xml (Builder) —

    XML builder (provides document access)

  • xml_element (XmlDataModel::XmlElement) —

    Element content

  • plan (DeclarationPlan) —

    Declaration plan with tree structure

  • options (Hash) —

    Serialization options



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# File 'lib/lutaml/xml/adapter/oga_adapter.rb', line 459

def build_xml_element_with_plan(xml, xml_element, plan, _options = {})
  moxml_doc = xml.doc

  root_element = build_moxml_node(xml_element, plan.root_node,
                                  plan.global_prefix_registry,
                                  moxml_doc, plan: plan)
  moxml_doc.root = root_element

  # Add processing instructions before the root element.
  # reverse_each + add_previous_sibling maintains original order.
  xml_element.processing_instructions.reverse_each do |pi|
    pi_node = moxml_doc.create_processing_instruction(pi.target,
                                                      pi.content)
    root_element.add_previous_sibling(pi_node)
  end
end

#handle_nested_elements_with_plan(xml, value, rule, attribute, plan, options, parent_plan: nil) ⇒ Object

Handle nested model elements with plan



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# File 'lib/lutaml/xml/adapter/oga_adapter.rb', line 604

def handle_nested_elements_with_plan(xml, value, rule, attribute, plan,
    options, parent_plan: nil)
  element_options = options.merge(
    rule: rule,
    attribute: attribute,
    tag_name: rule.name,
    mapper_class: attribute.type(register), # Override with child's type
  )

  if value.is_a?(Lutaml::Model::Collection)
    items = value.collection
    attr_type = attribute.type(register)

    if attr_type <= Lutaml::Model::Type::Value
      # Simple types - use add_simple_value for each item
      items.each do |val|
        xml_mapping = options[:mapper_class]&.mappings_for(:xml)
        add_simple_value(xml, rule, val, attribute, plan: parent_plan,
                                                    mapping: xml_mapping, options: options)
      end
    else
      # Model types - build elements with plans
      items.each do |val|
        # For polymorphic collections, use each item's actual class
        item_mapper_class = if polymorphic_value?(attribute, val)
                              val.class
                            else
                              attribute.type(register)
                            end

        # CRITICAL: Collect and plan for each item individually
        item_mapping = item_mapper_class.mappings_for(:xml)
        if item_mapping
          collector = NamespaceCollector.new(register)
          item_needs = collector.collect(val, item_mapping)

          planner = DeclarationPlanner.new(register)
          item_plan = planner.plan(val, item_mapping, item_needs,
                                   parent_plan: parent_plan, options: options)
        else
          item_plan = plan
        end

        item_options = element_options.merge(mapper_class: item_mapper_class)
        build_element_with_plan(xml, val, item_plan, item_options)
      end
    end
    return
  end

  case value
  when Array
    value.each do |val|
      # For polymorphic arrays, use each item's actual class
      item_mapper_class = if polymorphic_value?(attribute, val)
                            val.class
                          else
                            attribute.type(register)
                          end

      # CRITICAL: Collect and plan for each array item individually
      item_mapping = item_mapper_class.mappings_for(:xml)
      if item_mapping
        collector = NamespaceCollector.new(register)
        item_needs = collector.collect(val, item_mapping)

        planner = DeclarationPlanner.new(register)
        item_plan = planner.plan(val, item_mapping, item_needs,
                                 parent_plan: parent_plan, options: options)
      else
        item_plan = plan
      end

      item_options = element_options.merge(mapper_class: item_mapper_class)
      if item_plan
        build_element_with_plan(xml, val, item_plan, item_options)
      else
        build_element(xml, val, item_options)
      end
    end
  else
    build_element_with_plan(xml, value, plan, element_options)
  end
end

#order ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/lutaml/xml/adapter/oga_adapter.rb', line 833

def order
  children.filter_map do |child|
    if child.text?
      next if child.text.nil? || child.text.strip.empty?

      Element.new("Text", "text", text_content: child.text)
    else
      Element.new("Element", child.unprefixed_name)
    end
  end
end

#to_xml(options = {}) ⇒ Object 



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# File 'lib/lutaml/xml/adapter/oga_adapter.rb', line 39

def to_xml(options = {})
  builder_options = {}
  encoding = determine_encoding(options)
  builder_options[:encoding] = encoding if encoding

  builder = Builder::Oga.build(builder_options) do |xml|
    if @root.is_a?(Oga::Element)
      @root.build_xml(xml)
    elsif @root.is_a?(Lutaml::Xml::DataModel::XmlElement)
      # XmlDataModel MUST go through Three-Phase Architecture
      mapper_class = options[:mapper_class] || @root.class
      xml_mapping = mapper_class.mappings_for(:xml)

      # Phase 1: Collect namespace needs from XmlElement tree
      collector = NamespaceCollector.new(register)
      needs = collector.collect(@root, xml_mapping,
                                mapper_class: mapper_class)

      # Phase 2: Plan namespace declarations with hoisting
      planner = DeclarationPlanner.new(register)
      plan = planner.plan(@root, xml_mapping, needs,
                          options: options)

      # Phase 3: Build with plan (TREE-BASED for XmlElement)
      build_xml_element_with_plan(xml, @root, plan, options)
    else
      # THREE-PHASE ARCHITECTURE
      mapper_class = options[:mapper_class] || @root.class
      xml_mapping = mapper_class.mappings_for(:xml)

      # Check if model has map_all with custom methods
      # Custom methods work with model instances, not XmlElement trees
      has_custom_map_all = xml_mapping.raw_mapping&.custom_methods &&
        xml_mapping.raw_mapping.custom_methods[:to]

      if has_custom_map_all
        # Use legacy path for custom methods
        collector = NamespaceCollector.new(register)
        needs = collector.collect(@root, xml_mapping,
                                  mapper_class: mapper_class)

        planner = DeclarationPlanner.new(register)
        plan = planner.plan(@root, xml_mapping, needs, options: options)

        build_element_with_plan(xml, @root, plan, options)
      else
        # Step 1: Transform model to XmlElement tree
        transformation = mapper_class.transformation_for(:xml, register)
        xml_element = transformation.transform(@root, options)

        # Step 2: Collect namespace needs from XmlElement tree
        collector = NamespaceCollector.new(register)
        needs = collector.collect(xml_element, xml_mapping,
                                  mapper_class: mapper_class)

        # Step 3: Plan declarations (builds ElementNode tree)
        planner = DeclarationPlanner.new(register)
        plan = planner.plan(xml_element, xml_mapping, needs,
                            options: options)

        # Step 4: Render using tree (NEW - parallel traversal)
        build_xml_element_with_plan(xml, xml_element, plan, options)
      end
    end
  end
  xml_data = builder.to_xml

  result = ""
  # Use DeclarationHandler methods instead of Document#declaration
  # Include declaration when encoding is specified OR when declaration is requested
  if (options[:encoding] && !options[:encoding].nil?) || options[:declaration]
    result += generate_declaration(options)
  end

  # Add DOCTYPE if present - use DeclarationHandler method
  doctype_to_use = options[:doctype] || @doctype
  if doctype_to_use && !options[:omit_doctype]
    result += generate_doctype_declaration(doctype_to_use)
  end

  result += xml_data

  # Encode result to desired encoding (Oga outputs UTF-8 by default)
  if encoding && encoding != Encoding::UTF_8
    result = result.encode(encoding)
  end

  result
end