box2d-ruby

box2d-ruby is an idiomatic Ruby binding for the Box2D 3 C API. It ships a complete generated FFI layer and a memory-safe Ruby API for worlds, bodies, shapes, events, queries, joints, and debug drawing.

The gem currently vendors Box2D 3.1.0.

API stability

Version 1.0 freezes the documented Ruby API. Releases in the 1.x series follow semantic versioning: existing public methods and their documented behavior will remain compatible, and breaking changes require a new major version. The generated Box2D::Native layer mirrors the vendored Box2D headers exactly and is regenerated when that native dependency is intentionally upgraded.

Units and coordinates

Box2D uses SI units: meters, kilograms, seconds, and radians. It has no built-in pixel scale and this binding uses a y-up coordinate system.

Do not pass screen pixels directly to physics APIs. A common game scale is 32–64 pixels per meter:

scale = Box2D::PixelScale.new(64)
physics_position = scale.vector_to_meters([320, 128])
screen_position = scale.vector_to_pixels(physics_position)

Installation

Add the gem to your bundle:

bundle add box2d-ruby

Or install it directly:

gem install box2d-ruby

Platform gems contain a precompiled Box2D library. The source gem falls back to building the vendored C17 source with CMake and requires CMake 3.16 or newer, a C compiler, make (or another CMake build backend), and Ruby development headers.

The runtime dependency is ffi. larb is optional: if it is already loaded, vector-returning APIs produce Larb::Vec2; otherwise they return two-element arrays.

Quick start

require "box2d"

world = Box2D::World.new(gravity: [0, -9.8]) do |configuration|
  configuration.substeps = 4
end

world.create_body(type: :static, position: [0, -10]) do |body|
  body.box(50, 10)
end

ball = world.create_body(
  type: :dynamic,
  position: [0, 4],
  user_data: {kind: :ball}
) do |body|
  body.circle(
    radius: 0.5,
    density: 1.0,
    friction: 0.3,
    restitution: 0.6
  )
  body.bullet = true
end

60.times { world.step(1.0 / 60) }

p ball.position
ball.linear_velocity = [3, 0]
ball.apply_impulse([0, 5])

world.destroy

World#step releases Ruby's GVL while Box2D is solving. Accessing the same world from another Ruby thread during a step is rejected with Box2D::ReentrantStepError.

Fixed timestep

FixedStepper implements an accumulator with a substep cap:

stepper = Box2D::FixedStepper.new(hz: 60, max_substeps: 5)

app.run do |delta_time|
  alpha = stepper.advance(delta_time) { |step| world.step(step) }
  render(alpha)
end

advance returns interpolation alpha in [0, 1). Excess accumulated time is discarded at max_substeps to prevent a spiral of death.

Shapes

A body block is a shape builder:

body = world.create_body(type: :dynamic, position: [0, 3]) do |builder|
  builder.box(half_width, half_height, center: [0, 0], angle: 0)
  builder.circle(radius: 0.5, center: [0, 0])
  builder.capsule([-1, 0], [1, 0], radius: 0.25)
  builder.polygon([[0, 0], [1, 0], [0, 1]])
  builder.segment([-1, 0], [1, 0])
end

Every shape builder accepts:

• density, friction, restitution, and rolling_resistance
• sensor: true
• filter: {category:, mask:, group:}
• sensor_events, contact_events, and hit_events
• Ruby-owned user_data

Chains are separate native objects:

chain = ground.chain(
  [[-4, 0], [-2, 1], [2, 1], [4, 0]],
  loop: false,
  friction: 0.8
)

Box2D chains require at least four vertices.

Events

Contact and sensor event buffers are transient in Box2D. World#step copies them into immutable Ruby values before returning:

world.step(1.0 / 60)

world.events.begin_contacts.each do |contact|
  a = contact.shape_a.body.user_data
  b = contact.shape_b.body.user_data
  p [a, b, contact.manifold]
end

world.events.end_contacts.each { |contact| p contact }
world.events.hits.each { |hit| p hit.approach_speed }
world.events.sensor_begins.each { |event| p [event.sensor, event.visitor] }
world.events.sensor_ends.each { |event| p [event.sensor, event.visitor] }

Queries

hit = world.raycast([0, 10], [0, -10])
if hit
  p [hit.shape, hit.point, hit.normal, hit.fraction]
end

world.overlap_aabb([-2, -2], [2, 2]) do |shape|
  p shape
end

world.overlap_circle([0, 1], radius: 0.5) { |shape| p shape }
world.overlap_capsule([-1, 0], [1, 0], radius: 0.25) { |shape| p shape }
world.overlap_polygon(
  [[-1, -1], [1, -1], [1, 1], [-1, 1]],
  position: [4, 0],
  angle: Math::PI / 4
) { |shape| p shape }

All query methods accept filter: {category:, mask:}. Without a block, overlap queries return an Enumerator. Returning false from the block stops the query.

Joints

The high-level API supports revolute, prismatic, distance, mouse, and weld joints:

joint = world.create_revolute_joint(
  body_a: arm,
  body_b: hand,
  anchor: [1, 2],
  limits: (-0.5..0.5),
  motor: {speed: 2.0, max_torque: 10.0}
)

joint.motor_speed = -2.0
joint.destroy

Equivalent constructors are:

• create_prismatic_joint
• create_distance_joint
• create_mouse_joint
• create_weld_joint

All anchors supplied to constructors are world coordinates and are converted to body-local coordinates internally.

Debug drawing

Debug drawing converts native callbacks into arrays suitable for Ruby pattern matching:

world.debug_draw(flags: [:shapes, :joints, :aabbs]) do |command|
  case command
  in [:polygon, points, color]
    draw_outline(points, color)
  in [:solid_circle, transform, radius, color]
    draw_circle(transform[:position], radius, color)
  in [:segment, point1, point2, color]
    draw_line(point1, point2, color)
  else
    # Other commands include solid_polygon, solid_capsule, transform,
    # point, circle, and string.
  end
end

The owning world retains every FFI::Function used by the draw session, so GC cannot collect a callback while native code is using it.

Runnable line-renderer examples are included for both supported rendering styles:

gem install rugl glfw
ruby examples/rugl_debug_draw.rb

gem install stagecraft
ruby examples/stagecraft_debug_draw.rb

Both adapters consume the same Box2DDebugLines converter in examples/support, which turns debug callbacks into colored line-list vertices.

Verification

bundle exec rake builds the CMake extension, checks all generated FFI struct layouts, and runs the complete spec suite. Deterministic 100-body fixtures live under spec/snapshots/100_boxes for every supported native-gem target. Update the fixture for the current platform after an intentional solver change with:

bundle exec rake snapshots:update

bundle exec rake native:verify_package additionally builds a platform gem, extracts its packaged library, and reruns the full suite against that exact artifact. Release CI performs this check for all five supported targets before uploading any gem.

Ownership and destruction

World owns every native body, shape, chain, and joint. Ruby wrappers are non-owning ID values and do not use GC finalizers.

Destroy resources explicitly:

shape.destroy
body.destroy
joint.destroy
world.destroy # destroys all remaining children

Access through a destroyed handle raises Box2D::UseAfterDestroyError. Ruby objects assigned as user_data are held in world-side registries; Ruby object pointers are never written to Box2D's native void* fields.

Native API

All 409 exported Box2D 3.1.0 functions are available under Box2D::Native. Structs, enums, and function signatures are generated from the vendored headers:

version = Box2D::Native.b2GetVersion
p [version[:major], version[:minor], version[:revision]]

Set BOX2D_LIBRARY_PATH to load a compatible external Box2D shared library instead of the bundled extension.

Development

Install dependencies and run the complete quality gate:

bundle install
bundle exec rake

The default task:

1. builds the vendored native library;
2. checks that generated FFI declarations match the headers;
3. compiles a C layout probe and checks all 71 struct sizes, alignments, and field offsets;
4. runs the RSpec suite, including 1000 steps under GC.stress.

Useful tasks:

bundle exec rake bindings:generate
bundle exec rake bindings:check
bundle exec rake native:compile
bundle exec rake native:package
bundle exec rake build

See examples/ for complete runnable scripts.

License

The Ruby binding is available under the MIT License. Vendored Box2D source is also MIT licensed; its license is included at ext/box2d/vendor/box2d/LICENSE.